Python 里的时间、日期与格式化的互相转换

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time 模块

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了解时间戳、结构化时间对象、时间格式化

# 时间戳  单位秒
time.time()

# 结构化时间对象
st = time.localtime() # 等价于 time.localtime( time.time() )
print(st)
"""
time.struct_time(
    tm_year=2020,   # 年
    tm_mon=7,       # 月
    tm_mday=14,     # 日
    tm_hour=19,     # 时
    tm_min=26,      # 分
    tm_sec=51,      # 秒
    tm_wday=1,      # 星期几 0：表示星期一
    tm_yday=196,    # 今年的第n天
    tm_isdst=0      # 是否为夏令时
)
"""

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# 格式化的时间字符串
time.ctime()                     # Tue Jul 14 23:20:07 2020   # 这是取本地时间
time.ctime(time.time())          # Tue Jul 14 23:20:07 2020
time.asctime( time.localtime() ) # Tue Jul 14 23:20:07 2020

time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")                   # 2020-07-14 23:20:07 # 默认取当前的本地时间
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime()) # 2020-07-14 23:20:07
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.gmtime())    # 2020-07-14 15:20:07 # 取 UTC 时间

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三种格式之间的互转

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# 时间戳 -> 结构化对象
time.gmtime( time.time() )       # UTC 时间
time.localtime( time.time() )    # 本地时间

# 结构化时间对象 -> 时间戳
time.mktime( time.localtime() )

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# 结构化对象 -> 格式化时间字符串
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime())
time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.gmtime())

# 时间格式字符串 -> 结构化时间对象
strtime = '2020-07-14 13:28:18'
time.strptime(strtime, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

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datetime 模块

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datetime.date
datetime.time
datetime.datetime
datetime.timedelta

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# 创建 datetime 对象
datetime.datetime(year, month=None, day=None, hour=0, minute=0, second=0,
                microsecond=0, tzinfo=None)
datetime.datetime.now()  # 以当前时间作为 datetime
datetime.datetime.today() # 与 now 一样

其他格式转 datetime

# 时间戳 -> datetime
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())

# 字符串格式 -> datetime
datetime.datetime.strptime('2020-07-14 23:56:10', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')

# 结构化对象 -> datetime 没有直接转换接口，需要先转为时间戳
datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time.mktime(time.localtime()))

datetime 转其他格式

dt = datetime.datetime.now()

# 转为结构化时间对象
dt.timetuple()

# 转为时间戳
dt.timestamp()

# 转为字符串格式
dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')

时区的转换

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from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone

# utc 时间
utc_dt = datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
print(utc_dt) # 2020-07-14 15:20:07.534451+00:00

# 北京时间
cn_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8))) # 东八区
print(cn_dt) # 2020-07-14 23:20:07.534451+08:00

ja_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9))) # 日本时间
print(jan_dt) # 2020-07-15 00:20:07.534451+09:00

# 北京时间转东京时间
cn_2_ja_dt = cn_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
print(cn_2_ja_dt) # 2020-07-15 00:20:07.534451+09:00