List of file signatures
source link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures
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List of file signatures
This is a list of file signatures, data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or Magic Bytes.
Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, sometimes the file signature can be recognizable when interpreted as text. The column ISO 8859-1 shows how the file signature appears when interpreted as text in the common ISO 8859-1 encoding, with unprintable characters represented as ..
Hex signature
ISO 8859-1
Description
23 21
#!
0
Script or data to be passed to the program following the shebang (#!)
a1 b2 c3 d4
d4 c3 b2 a1
¡²ÃÔ
Ôò¡
0
pcap
Libpcap File Format[1]
0a 0d 0d 0a
....
0
pcapng
PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format[2]
ed ab ee db
í«îÛ
0
rpm
RedHat Package Manager (RPM) package [3]
53 51 4c 69 74 65 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 74 20 33 00
SQLite format 3.
0
sqlitedb
sqlite
db
SQLite Database [4]
53 50 30 31
SP01
0
bin
Amazon Kindle Update Package [5]
00
.
0
PIC
PIF
SEA
YTR
IBM Storyboard bitmap file
Windows Program Information File
Mac Stuffit Self-Extracting Archive
IRIS OCR data file
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
........ ........ ........
11
PDB
PalmPilot Database/Document File
BE BA FE CA
¾ºþÊ
0
DBA
Palm Desktop Calendar Archive
00 01 42 44
..BD
0
DBA
Palm Desktop To Do Archive
00 01 44 54
..DT
0
TDA
Palm Desktop Calendar Archive
54 44 46 24
TDF$
0
TDF$
Telegram Desktop File
54 44 45 46
TDEF
0
TDEF
Telegram Desktop Encrypted File
00 01 00 00
....
0
Palm Desktop Data File (Access format)
00 00 01 00
....
0
ico
Computer icon encoded in ICO file format[6]
66 74 79 70 33 67
ftyp3g
4
3gp
3g2
3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP and 3GPP2 multimedia files
1F 9D
..
0
z
tar.z
compressed file (often tar zip)
using Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm
1F A0
.
0
z
tar.z
Compressed file (often tar zip)
using LZH algorithm
42 41 43 4B 4D 49 4B 45 44 49 53 4B
BACKMIKE DISK
0
bac
File or tape containing a backup done with AmiBack on an Amiga.
It typically is paired with an index file (idx) with the table of contents.
42 5A 68
BZh
0
bz2
Compressed file using Bzip2 algorithm
47 49 46 38 37 61
47 49 46 38 39 61
GIF87a
GIF89a
0
gif
Image file encoded in the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)[7]
49 49 2A 00(little-endian format)
4D 4D 00 2A
(big-endian format)
II*.
MM.*
0
tif
tiff
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
49 49 2A 00 10 00 00 00 43 52
II*..... CR
0
cr2
Canon RAW Format Version 2[8]
Canon's RAW format is based on TIFF.[9]
80 2A 5F D7
.*_.
0
cin
52 4E 43 01
52 4E 43 02
RNC.
0
Compressed file using Rob Northen Compression (version 1 and 2) algorithm
53 44 50 58(big-endian format)
58 50 44 53
(little-endian format)
SDPX
XPDS
0
dpx
76 2F 31 01
v/1.
0
exr
42 50 47 FB
BPGû
0
bpg
Better Portable Graphics format[10]
FF D8 FF DB
FF D8 FF E0 00 10 4A 46 49 46 00 01
FF D8 FF EE
FF D8 FF E1 ?? ?? 45 78 69 66 00 00
ÿØÿÛ
ÿØÿà..JFIF..
ÿØÿî
ÿØÿá..Exif..
0
jpg
jpeg
JPEG raw or in the JFIF or Exif file format
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 49 4C 42 4D
FORM.... ILBM
0
ilbm
lbm
ibm
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 38 53 56 58
FORM.... 8SVX
0
8svx
8sv
svx
snd
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 43 42 4D
FORM.... ACBM
0
acbm
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 4E 42 4D
FORM.... ANBM
0
anbm
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 4E 49 4D
FORM.... ANIM
0
anim
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 46 41 58 58
FORM.... FAXX
0
faxx
fax
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 46 54 58 54
FORM.... FTXT
0
ftxt
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 53 4D 55 53
FORM.... SMUS
0
smus
smu
mus
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 43 4D 55 53
FORM.... CMUS
0
cmus
mus
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 59 55 56 4E
FORM.... YUVN
0
yuvn
yuv
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 46 41 4E 54
FORM.... FANT
0
iff
46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 49 46 46
FORM.... AIFF
0
aiff
aif
aifc
snd
iff
49 4E 44 58
INDX
0
idx
Index file to a file or tape containing a backup done with AmiBack on an Amiga.
4C 5A 49 50
LZIP
0
lz
lzip compressed file
4D 5A
MZ
0
exe
dll
DOS MZ executable file format and its descendants (including NE and PE)
50 4B 03 04
50 4B 05 06(empty archive)
50 4B 07 08
(spanned archive)
PK..
0
zip
aar
apk
docx
epub
ipa
jar
kmz
maff
odp
ods
odt
pk3
pk4
pptx
usdz
vsdx
xlsx
xpi
zip file format and formats based on it, such as EPUB, JAR, ODF, OOXML
52 61 72 21 1A 07 00
Rar!...
0
rar
RAR archive version 1.50 onwards[11]
52 61 72 21 1A 07 01 00
Rar!....
0
rar
RAR archive version 5.0 onwards[12]
5A 4D
ZM
0
exe
DOS ZM executable file format and its descendants (rare)
7F 45 4C 46
.ELF
0
Executable and Linkable Format
89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A
.PNG....
0
png
Image encoded in the Portable Network Graphics format[13]
C9
È
0
com
CP/M 3 and higher with overlays[14]
CA FE BA BE
Êþº¾
0
class
Java class file, Mach-O Fat Binary
EF BB BF

0
UTF-8 encoded Unicode byte order mark, commonly seen in text files.
FE ED FA CE
........
0
0x1000
Mach-O binary (32-bit)
FE ED FA CF
........
0
0x1000
Mach-O binary (64-bit)
FE ED FE ED
þíþí
0
JKS JavakeyStore
CE FA ED FE
........
0
Mach-O binary (reverse byte ordering scheme, 32-bit)[15]
CF FA ED FE
........
0
Mach-O binary (reverse byte ordering scheme, 64-bit)[15]
FF FE
..
0
Byte-order mark for text file encoded in little-endian 16-bit Unicode Transfer Format
FF FE 00 00
....
0
Byte-order mark for text file encoded in little-endian 32-bit Unicode Transfer Format
25 21 50 53
%!PS
0
ps
49 54 53 46 03 00 00 00 60 00 00 00
ITSF....`...
0
chm
25 50 44 46 2d
%PDF-
0
30 26 B2 75 8E 66 CF 11 A6 D9 00 AA 00 62 CE 6C
0&²u.fÏ .¦Ù.ª.bÎl
0
asf
wma
wmv
24 53 44 49 30 30 30 31
$SDI0001
0
System Deployment Image, a disk image format used by Microsoft
4F 67 67 53
OggS
0
ogg
oga
ogv
Ogg, an open source media container format
38 42 50 53
8BPS
0
psd
Photoshop Document file, Adobe Photoshop's native file format
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 57 41 56 45
RIFF.... WAVE
0
wav
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 56 49 20
RIFF.... AVI.
0
avi
Audio Video Interleave video format
FF FB
FF F3
FF F2
ÿû
ÿó
ÿò
0
mp3
MPEG-1 Layer 3 file without an ID3 tag or with an ID3v1 tag (which's appended at the end of the file)
49 44 33
ID3
0
mp3
MP3 file with an ID3v2 container
42 4D
BM
0
bmp
dib
BMP file, a bitmap format used mostly in the Windows world
43 44 30 30 31
CD001
0x8001
0x8801
0x9001
iso
53 49 4D 50 4C 45 20 20
3D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54
SIMPLE
=
T
0
fits
Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)[19]
66 4C 61 43
fLaC
0
flac
4D 54 68 64
MThd
0
mid
midi
D0 CF 11 E0 A1 B1 1A E1
0
doc
xls
ppt
msg
Compound File Binary Format, a container format used for document by older versions of Microsoft Office.[22] It is however an open format used by other programs as well.
64 65 78 0A 30 33 35 00
dex.035.
0
dex
Dalvik Executable
4B 44 4D
KDM
0
vmdk
43 72 32 34
Cr24
0
crx
Google Chrome extension[25] or packaged app[26]
41 47 44 33
AGD3
0
fh8
FreeHand 8 document[27][28][29]
05 07 00 00 42 4F 42 4F 05 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01
....BOBO ........ ....
0
cwk
AppleWorks 5 document
06 07 E1 00 42 4F 42 4F 06 07 E1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01
....BOBO ........ ....
0
cwk
AppleWorks 6 document
45 52 02 00 00 00
8B 45 52 02 00 00 00
ER....
ãER....
0
toast
Roxio Toast disc image file, also some .dmg-files begin with same bytes
78 01 73 0D 62 62 60
x.s.bb`
0
dmg
Apple Disk Image file
78 61 72 21
xar!
0
xar
eXtensible ARchive format[30]
50 4D 4F 43 43 4D 4F 43
PMOCCMOC
0
dat
Windows Files And Settings Transfer Repository[31]
See also USMT 3.0 (Win XP)[32] and USMT 4.0 (Win 7)[33] User Guides
4E 45 53 1A
NES
0
nes
Nintendo Entertainment System ROM file[34]
75 73 74 61 72 00 30 30
75 73 74 61 72 20 20 00
ustar.00
ustar .
0x101
tar
4F 41 52 ??
OAR.
0
oar
OAR file archive format, where ?? is the format version.
74 6F 78 33
TOX
0
tox
Open source portable voxel file[36]
4D 4C 56 49
MLVI
0
MLV
Magic Lantern Video file[37]
44 43 4D 01 50 41 33 30
DCM PA30
0
Windows Update Binary Delta Compression[38]
37 7A BC AF 27 1C
7z¼¯'
0
7z
7-Zip File Format
1F 8B
..
0
gz
tar.gz
FD 37 7A 58 5A 00
²7zXZ..
0
xz
tar.xz
XZ compression utility
using LZMA2 compression
04 22 4D 18
."M.
0
lz4
Remark: LZ4 block format does not offer any magic bytes.[41]
4D 53 43 46
MSCF
0
cab
Microsoft Cabinet file
53 5A 44 44 88 F0 27 33
SZDD....
0
Various. (Replacing the last character of the original filename extension with an underscore, e.g. setup.exe becomes setup.ex_)
Microsoft compressed file in Quantum format, used prior to Windows XP. File can be decompressed using Extract.exe or Expand.exe distributed with earlier versions of Windows.
46 4C 49 46
FLIF
0
flif
1A 45 DF A3
.Eߣ
0
mkv
mka
mks
mk3d
webm
Matroska media container, including WebM
4D 49 4C 20
MIL
0
stg
"SEAN : Session Analysis" Training file. Also used in compatible software "Rpw : Rowperfect for Windows" and "RP3W : ROWPERFECT3 for Windows".
41 54 26 54 46 4F 52 4D ?? ?? ?? ?? 44 4A 56
AT&TFORM....DJV
0
djvu
djv
DjVu document
The following byte is either 55 (U) for single-page or 4D (M) for multi-page documents.
30 82
0.
0
der
DER encoded X.509 certificate
44 49 43 4D
DICM
0x80
dcm
77 4F 46 46
wOFF
0
woff
77 4F 46 32
wOF2
0
woff2
3c 3f 78 6d 6c 20
<?xml
0
XML
eXtensible Markup Language when using the ASCII character encoding
00 61 73 6d
.asm
0
wasm
WebAssembly binary format[42]
cf 84 01
0
lep
Lepton compressed JPEG image[43]
43 57 53
46 57 53
CWS
0
swf
flash .swf
21 3C 61 72 63 68 3E
!<arch>.
0
deb
linux deb file
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 57 45 42 50
RIFF....
0
webp
Google WebP image file, where ?? ?? ?? ?? is the file size. More information on WebP File Header
27 05 19 56
'..V
0
U-Boot / uImage. Das U-Boot Universal Boot Loader.[44]
7B 5C 72 74 66 31
{\rtf1
0
rtf
Rich Text Format
54 41 50 45
TAPE
0
47
G
0
0x178
(every 188th byte)
ts
MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-2 Part 1)
00 00 01 BA
....
0
m2p
MPEG Program Stream (MPEG-1 Part 1 (essentially identical) and MPEG-2 Part 1)
00 00 01 BA
47
00 00 01 B3
....
G
....
0
mpg
MPEG Program Stream
MPEG Transport Stream
MPEG-1 video and MPEG-2 video (MPEG-1 Part 2 and MPEG-2 Part 2)
00 00 00 18 66 74 79 70 69 73 6F 6D
ftypisom
4
mp4
ISO Base Media file (MPEG-4)
78 01
78 5E
78 9C
78 DA
78 20
78 7D
78 BB
78 F9
....
0
zlib
No Compression (no preset dictionary)
Best speed (no preset dictionary)
Default Compression (no preset dictionary)
Best Compression (no preset dictionary)
No Compression (with preset dictionary)
Best speed (with preset dictionary)
Default Compression (with preset dictionary)
Best Compression (with preset dictionary)
62 76 78 32
bvx2
0
lzfse
LZFSE - Lempel-Ziv style data compression algorithm using Finite State Entropy coding. OSS by Apple.[45]
4F 52 43
ORC
0
orc
Apache ORC (Optimized Row Columnar) file format
4F 62 6A 01
Obj.
0
avro
Apache Avro binary file format
53 45 51 36
SEQ6
0
rc
RCFile columnar file format
65 87 78 56
e.xV
0
PhotoCap Object Templates
55 55 aa aa
UU¬¬
0
pcv
PhotoCap Vector
78 56 34
xV4
0
PhotoCap Template
50 41 52 31
PAR1
0
Apache Parquet columnar file format
45 4D 58 32
EMX2
0
ez2
Emulator Emaxsynth samples
45 4D 55 33
EMU3
0
ez3
Emulator III synth samples
1B 4C 75 61
.Lua
0
luac
62 6F 6F 6B 00 00 00 00 6D 61 72 6B 00 00 00 00
book....mark....
0
alias
macOS file Alias[47] (Symbolic link)
5B 5A 6F 6E 65 54 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72 5D
[ZoneTransfer]
0
Identifier
Microsoft Zone Identifier for URL Security Zones[48]
52 65 63 65 69 76 65 64
Received:
0
eml
Email Message var5[49]
20 02 01 62 A0 1E AB 07 02 00 00 00
..b .«.....
0
tde
Tableau Datasource
37 48 03 02 00 00 00 00 58 35 30 39 4B 45 59
7H......X509KEY
0
kdb
KDB file
85 ?? ?? 03
..
0
pgp
PGP file [50]
28 B5 2F FD
(µ/ý
0
zst
Zstandard compressed file[51][52]
52 53 56 4B 44 41 54 41
RSVKDATA
0
rs
QuickZip rs compressed archive[53][54]
3A 29 0A
:).
0
sml
Smile file
4A 6F 79 21
Joy!
0
31 0A 30 30
1.00
0
srt
SubRip File
34 12 AA 55
4.ªU
0
vpk
VPK file, used to store game data for some Source Engine games
58 46 49 52
XFIR
0
dcr
2A 2A 41 43 45 2A 3A
**ACE**
0
ace
60 EA
`A
0
arj
49 53 63 28
ISc(
0
cab
InstallShield CAB Archive File
4B 57 41 4A
KWAJ
0
??_
Windows 3.1x Compressed File
53 5A 44 44
SZDD
0
??_
Windows 9x Compressed File
5A 4F 4F
ZOO
0
zoo
50 31 0A
P1.
0
pbm
50 32 0A
P2.
0
pgm
50 33 0A
P3.
0
ppm
D7 CD C6 9A
×ÍÆ.
0
wmf
67 69 6D 70 20 78 63 66
gimp xcf
0
xcf
2F 2A 20 58 50 4D 20 2A 2F
/* XPM */
0
xpm
41 46 46
AFF
0
aff
Advanced Forensics Format
45 56 46 32
EVF2
0
Ex01
EnCase EWF version 2 format
45 56 46
EVF
0
e01
EnCase EWF version 1 format
51 46 49
QFI
0
qcow
qcow file format
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 41 43 4F 4E
RIFF.... ACON
8
ani
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 43 44 44 41
RIFF.... CDDA
8
cda
52 49 46 46 ?? ?? ?? ?? 51 4C 43 4D
RIFF.... QLCM
8
qcp
Qualcomm PureVoice file format
58 46 49 52 ?? ?? ?? ?? 33 39 56 4D
XFIR.... 39VM
8
dir
Macromedia Director file format
46 4C 56
FLV
0
flv
Flash Video file
3C 3C 3C 20 4F 72 61 63 6C 65 20 56 4D 20 56 69 72 74 75 61 6C 42 6F 78 20 44 69 73 6B 20 49 6D 61 67 65 20 3E 3E 3E
<<< Oracle VM VirtualBox Disk Image >>>
0
vdi
VirtualBox Virtual Hard Disk file format
63 6F 6E 6E 65 63 74 69 78
connectix
0
vhd
Windows Virtual PC Virtual Hard Disk file format
76 68 64 78 66 69 6C 65
vhdxfile
0
vhdx
Windows Virtual PC Windows 8 Virtual Hard Disk file format
49 73 5A 21
IsZ!
0
isz
compressed ISO image
44 41 41
DAA
0
daa
Direct Access Archive PowerISO
4C 66 4C 65
LfLe
0
evt
Windows Event Viewer file format
50 4D 43 43
PMCC
0
grp
Windows 3.x Program Manager Program Group file format
4B 43 4D 53
KCMS
0
icm
72 65 67 66
regf
0
dat
Windows Registry file
21 42 44 4E
!BDN
0
pst
Microsoft Outlook Personal Storage Table file
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Libpcap File Format". Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ "PCAP Next Generation Dump File Format". Retrieved 2018-06-19.
- ^ "A. Format of the RPM file". Retrieved 2017-02-15.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Database File Format". Retrieved 2018-11-16.
- ^ "GitHub - NiLuJe/KindleTool: Tool for creating/extracting Kindle updates and more". Retrieved 2017-02-15.
- ^ Icons (at MSDN)
- ^ GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT(sm) Version 89a
- ^ Computer Knowledge. "File Extension .CR2 Details". filext.com.
- ^ "Inside the Canon RAW format version 2, understanding .CR2 file format and files produced by Canon EOS Digital Camera". free.fr.
- ^ Bellard, Fabrice (2015). "BPG Image format".
- ^ "TechNote.txt: RAR version 4.00 - Technical information". 2010-12-01. The marker block is actually considered as a fixed byte sequence: 0x52 0x61 0x72 0x21 0x1a 0x07 0x00 Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ^ "RAR 5.0 archive format". Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ "RFC 2083 - PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification Version 1.0". ietf.org.
- ^ Elliott, John C.; Lopushinsky, Jim (2002) [1998-04-11]. "CP/M 3.0 COM file header". Seasip.info. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Mac Developer Library". apple.com.
- ^ "File command PDF Magic format". Retrieved 2018-11-06.
- ^ "ASF (Advanced Systems Format)".
- ^ Gary C. Kessler (21 October 2012). "File Signatures Table". Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ "Flexible Image Transport System (FITS), Version 3.0 - File type signifiers". 2012-09-26. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ Josh Coalson. "FLAC — format". Retrieved 4 April 2013. "fLaC", the FLAC stream marker in ASCII, meaning byte 0 of the stream is 0x66, followed by 0x4C 0x61 0x43
- ^ "File Signature Database: mid File Signatures". filesignatures.net.
- ^ "Developing a tool to recognise MS Office file types ( .doc, .xls, .mdb, .ppt )". social.msdn.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
- ^ "What Files Make Up a Virtual Machine?". vmware.com.
- ^ http://www.vmware.com/app/vmdk/?src=vmdk
- ^ "CRX Package Format". chrome.com.
- ^ "CRX Package Format". chrome.com.
- ^ "[Pythonmac-SIG] Discovering file type". python.org.
- ^ Tim Fisher. "FH8 File - What It Is & How To Open One". About.com Tech.
- ^ "Google Groups". google.com.
- ^ "xar - xarformat.wiki". code.google.com.
- ^ "Easily Restore Your Computer With File and Settings Transfer Wizard XP (Part 1)". howtogeek.com.
- ^ "User State Migration Tool 3.0". microsoft.com. Microsoft.
- ^ "User State Migration Tool 4.0 User's Guide". microsoft.com. Microsoft.
- ^ "NESRomTool::NES ROM Quickstart". sadistech.com.
- ^ "GNU tar 1.28: Basic Tar Format". gnu.org.
- ^ "UVOX Universal Voxel Translator - Man Page". tox.land. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
- ^ "RAW Format v2.0 - Google Sheets". google.com.
- ^ "Using Binary Delta Compression (BDC) Technology to Update Windows Operating Systems". Microsoft. 10 June 2005. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ "Member header and trailer (RFC 1952, Section 2.3.1)". Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ^ Collet, Yann. "LZ4 Frame format". github.com.
- ^ Collet, Yann. "LZ4 Block Format". github.com.
- ^ "WebAssembly/design". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ "Lepton image compression: saving 22% losslessly from images at 15MB/s". Dropbox.
- ^ "How to Extract an uImage". Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
- ^ "lzfse/lzfse". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
- ^ Laurie, Dirk (2013). "Lua 5.2 Bytecode and Virtual Machine".
- ^ "Mac OS X - ForensicsWiki". www.forensicswiki.org. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ "libyal/libfsntfs". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ "File extension details - files How To (by File Extension Seeker)". file-extension.net. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
- ^ "gnupg - Is it a coincidence that the first 4 bytes of a PGP/GPG file are ellipsis, smile, female sign and a heart? - Information Security Stack Exchange)". security.stackexchange.com. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- ^ "Zstandard Frames (RFC 8478, Section 3.1.1)". ietf.org. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ^ "Magic numbering scheme (zstd project issue tracker)". Retrieved 2018-10-29.
- ^ "RS File Extension". filext.com. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
- ^ "Quickzip.org (WebArchive)". Archived from the original on 2005-04-03. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
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