Java and C# unfortunately have less and less common over the years. Nowadays they differ in almost everything. The only principles you can apply in C# you already know are not Java specific - like inheritance, polymorphism, inversion of control, interfaces, etc.
From my own experience writing applications in C# is far less code and more syntactic sugar than Java.
.Net framework has most of the stuff you need and if you need something more it's most of the time provided as NuGet packages by Microsoft while NuGet package management is part of the framework. No more messing with Maven, Nexus and 5 different Java packages for a simple requirement.
The best starting point would be. Net Core framework, which has CLI tool dotnet that allows you to bootstrap a C# project or solution in a second.
By default C# program is searching for void Main() method and executes it first but this may differ for different project types (class library vs. console program vs. web application).
It is advised you create new project using dotnet new command which creates project_name.csproj file which eases running it by using dotnet run command.
If you already have built .dll file you can use dotnet path/to/the/file.dll any arguments to run it.