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涨姿势了,raise...from... 是个什么操作?

 4 years ago
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作者:weapon

原文:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/52091476

1. 问题现象

Python 的 raiseraise from 之间的区别是什么?

try:
    print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")

输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test4.py", line 2, in <module>
    print(1 / 0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")
RuntimeError: Something bad happened

raise from

try:
    print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc

输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test4.py", line 2, in <module>
    print(1 / 0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc
RuntimeError: Something bad happened

2. 问题分析

不同之处在于, from 会为异常对象设置 __cause__ 属性表明异常的是由谁直接引起的。

处理异常时发生了新的异常,在不使用 from 时更倾向于新异常与正在处理的异常没有关系。而 from 则是能指出新异常是因旧异常直接引起的。这样的异常之间的关联有助于后续对异常的分析和排查。 from 语法会有个限制,就是第二个表达式必须是另一个异常类或实例。

如果在异常处理程序或 finally 块中引发异常,默认情况下,异常机制会隐式工作会将先前的异常附加为新异常的 __context__ 属性。

当然,也可以通过 with_traceback() 方法为异常设置上下文 __context__ 属性,这也能在 traceback 更好的显示异常信息。

raise Exception("foo occurred").with_traceback(tracebackobj)

3. 禁止异常关联

from 还有个特别的用法: raise ... from None ,它通过设置 __suppress_context__ 属性指定来明确禁止异常关联:

try:
    print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None

输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None
RuntimeError: Something bad happened

4. 总结一下

在异常处理程序或 finally 块中引发异常,Python 会为异常设置上下文,可以手动通过 with_traceback() 设置其上下文,或者通过 from 来指定异常因谁引起的。这些手段都是为了得到更友好的异常回溯信息,打印清晰的异常上下文。若要忽略上下文,则可以通过 raise ... from None 来禁止自动显示异常上下文。

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