Abstract Factory Pattern 抽象工厂模式简介与 C# 示例【创建型】【设计模式来了】

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1、什么是抽象工厂模式？

一句话解释：

  通过对抽象类和抽象工厂的一组实现，独立出一系列新的操作，客户端无需了解其逻辑直接访问。

抽象工厂模式（Abstract Factory Pattern）是一种创建型模式。它用于创建一组相关对象的家族。强调的是一组对象之间的协作关系，而不是单个对象之间的依赖关系。抽象工厂类负责创建整个家族的对象的生命周期，并隐藏与实现有关的逻辑。

 一个比喻：（科目与课代表）

  语文和数学的课代表和副课代表，都按照抽象方法标准选好了，接下来同样的通过实现抽象类和接口标准，来选出两名物理课代表。当然，已经选出来的其他课代表，和本次选举无关联。

2、优缺点和使用场景

• 可以降低系统中各个对象之间的耦合度。
• 隔离了具体类的生产，使得客户并不需要知道什么被创建。
• 增加新的具体工厂和产品族很方便，无须修改已有系统，符合“开闭原则”。

• 在增加新的产品方面比较困难，需要修改抽象工厂的接口，这样会导致所有的具体工厂也需要做出相应的修改。
• 抽象程度高，可能会导致一些底层实现细节难以控制。

总之，抽象工厂模式能够有效地封装对象创建，但是扩展产品较为困难。它在软件开发中被广泛使用，特别是在跨平台软件开发中经常用到，使用时要注意系统对象的特点合理使用。

 使用场景举例：

• 游戏开发：游戏中可能需要多种角色、武器、敌人等元素，它们之间可能存在关联性或依赖性，可以使用抽象工厂方法来快速构建游戏元素。
• 数据库访问组件设计：不同数据库的连接、查询和数据存储方式可能存在差异，可以使用抽象工厂方法来创建不同数据库的访问组件、驱动和映射器。
• 操作系统界面设计：不同操作系统的界面设计具有不同的特点，可以使用抽象工厂方法来创建不同操作系统下的控件。

总之，使用抽象工厂模式，都需要保证对象家族之间高内聚、松耦合，使得系统的设计和实现更加灵活和可扩展。

一、抽象工厂模式简单实现与扩展

通过两个抽象产品类 ProductA/ProductBBBB，实现四个具体产品类；在通过抽象工厂接口 IAbstractFactory，实现两个具体工厂的产品族 ConcreteFactory1/ConcreteFactory2。最后通过 Client 类注入工厂类的同时，创建产品的不同产品的实例，使客户端不用了解产品如何实例化，可以直接引用。

// 抽象产品类。public abstract class ProductA{ public abstract void OperationA();}public abstract class ProductBBBB{ public abstract void OperationBBBB();} // 具体产品类，其中 ProductA1、ProductA2、ProductB1 和 ProductB2 分别代表不同的产品。public class ProductA1 : ProductA{ public override void OperationA() { Console.WriteLine("ProductA1's operation."); }}public class ProductA2 : ProductA{ public override void OperationA() { Console.WriteLine("ProductA2's operation."); }}public class ProductBBBB1 : ProductBBBB{ public override void OperationBBBB() { Console.WriteLine("ProductBBBB1's operation."); }}public class ProductBBBB2 : ProductBBBB{ public override void OperationBBBB() { Console.WriteLine("ProductBBBB2's operation."); }} // 抽象工厂接口，定义了各种不同产品族的生产方法。public interface IAbstractFactory{ ProductA CreateProductA(); ProductBBBB CreateProductBBBB();}// 每个具体工厂都能够生产特定的产品族。public class ConcreteFactory1 : IAbstractFactory{ public ProductA CreateProductA() { return new ProductA1(); } public ProductBBBB CreateProductBBBB() { return new ProductBBBB1(); }}public class ConcreteFactory2 : IAbstractFactory{ public ProductA CreateProductA() { return new ProductA2(); } public ProductBBBB CreateProductBBBB() { return new ProductBBBB2(); }} // 客户端代码使用抽象工厂来创建各种不同产品族的产品，而无需关心它们的实际实现。public class Client{ private readonly ProductA _productA; private readonly ProductBBBB _productBBBB; public Client(IAbstractFactory factory) { _productA = factory.CreateProductA(); _productBBBB = factory.CreateProductBBBB(); } public void Run() { _productA.OperationA(); _productBBBB.OperationBBBB(); }}

// 测试static void Main(string[] args){ Client client = new Client(new ConcreteFactory1()); client.Run(); Client client2 = new Client(new ConcreteFactory2()); client2.Run(); // 输出： // ProductA1's operation. // ProductBBBB1's operation. // ProductA2's operation. // ProductBBBB2's operation.}

下面我们尝试扩展出来一个新的产品 3：

// 具体产品类public class ProductA3 : ProductA{ public override void OperationA() { Console.WriteLine("ProductA3's operation."); }}public class ProductBBBB3 : ProductBBBB{ public override void OperationBBBB() { Console.WriteLine("ProductBBBB3's operation."); }}// 具体工厂都能够生产特定的产品族public class ConcreteFactory3 : IAbstractFactory{ public ProductA CreateProductA() { return new ProductA3(); } public ProductBBBB CreateProductBBBB() { return new ProductBBBB3(); }}

static void Main(string[] args){ Client client = new Client(new ConcreteFactory1()); client.Run(); Client client2 = new Client(new ConcreteFactory2()); client2.Run(); Client client3 = new Client(new ConcreteFactory3()); client3.Run();}

  

二、抽象工厂模式在 .net 框架中的实际应用

例如 DbProviderFactory，这个类位于 System.Data.Common.dll 程序集中，该类扮演抽象工厂模式中抽象工厂的角色，源码如下：

// System.Data.Common, Version=5.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a// System.Data.Common.DbProviderFactoryusing System.Data.Common;public abstract class DbProviderFactory{ private bool? _canCreateDataAdapter; private bool? _canCreateCommandBuilder; public virtual bool CanCreateDataSourceEnumerator => false; public virtual bool CanCreateDataAdapter { get { if (!_canCreateDataAdapter.HasValue) { using DbDataAdapter dbDataAdapter = CreateDataAdapter(); _canCreateDataAdapter = dbDataAdapter != null; } return _canCreateDataAdapter.Value; } } public virtual bool CanCreateCommandBuilder { get { if (!_canCreateCommandBuilder.HasValue) { using DbCommandBuilder dbCommandBuilder = CreateCommandBuilder(); _canCreateCommandBuilder = dbCommandBuilder != null; } return _canCreateCommandBuilder.Value; } } public virtual DbCommand? CreateCommand() { return null; } public virtual DbCommandBuilder? CreateCommandBuilder() { return null; } public virtual DbConnection? CreateConnection() { return null; } public virtual DbConnectionStringBuilder? CreateConnectionStringBuilder() { return null; } public virtual DbDataAdapter? CreateDataAdapter() { return null; } public virtual DbParameter? CreateParameter() { return null; } public virtual DbDataSourceEnumerator? CreateDataSourceEnumerator() { return null; }}

下面是 SqlClientFactory.cs，继承了抽象类 DbProviderFactory，需要注意的是，此为引用程序集，即只包含元数据，不含可执行代码。如何通过工厂模式访问 SQLServer 数据库，可以参考官网示例： 获取 DbProviderFactory

点击查看 SqlClientFactory.cs

 // System.Data.SqlClient, Version=4.6.1.1, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a// System.Data.SqlClient.SqlClientFactoryusing System.Data.Common;using System.Data.SqlClient; /// <summary>Represents a set of methods for creating instances of the <see cref="N:System.Data.SqlClient" /> provider's implementation of the data source classes.</summary>public sealed class SqlClientFactory : DbProviderFactory{ /// <summary>Gets an instance of the <see cref="T:System.Data.SqlClient.SqlClientFactory" />. This can be used to retrieve strongly typed data objects.</summary> public static readonly SqlClientFactory Instance; internal SqlClientFactory() { } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbCommand" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbCommand" />.</returns> public override DbCommand CreateCommand() { throw null; } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbCommandBuilder" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbCommandBuilder" />.</returns> public override DbCommandBuilder CreateCommandBuilder() { throw null; } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbConnection" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbConnection" />.</returns> public override DbConnection CreateConnection() { throw null; } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbConnectionStringBuilder" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbConnectionStringBuilder" />.</returns> public override DbConnectionStringBuilder CreateConnectionStringBuilder() { throw null; } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbDataAdapter" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbDataAdapter" />.</returns> public override DbDataAdapter CreateDataAdapter() { throw null; } /// <summary>Returns a strongly typed <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbParameter" /> instance.</summary> /// <returns>A new strongly typed instance of <see cref="T:System.Data.Common.DbParameter" />.</returns> public override DbParameter CreateParameter() { throw null; }}

下面再看一下 Oracle 工厂的实现，完全独立于其他数据库的工厂：

点击查看源码 OracleClientFactory.cs

#region 程序集 Oracle.ManagedDataAccess, Version=4.122.21.1, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=89b483f429c47342// C:\Users\zheng\.nuget\packages\oracle.manageddataaccess\21.10.0\lib\net462\Oracle.ManagedDataAccess.dll// Decompiled with ICSharpCode.Decompiler 7.1.0.6543#endregion using System;using System.Data.Common;using System.Security;using System.Security.Permissions;using OracleInternal.Common; namespace Oracle.ManagedDataAccess.Client{ public sealed class OracleClientFactory : DbProviderFactory { public static readonly OracleClientFactory Instance = new OracleClientFactory(); public override bool CanCreateDataSourceEnumerator => true; public override DbCommand CreateCommand() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommand); } try { return new OracleCommand(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommand, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommand); } } } public override DbCommandBuilder CreateCommandBuilder() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommandBuilder); } try { return new OracleCommandBuilder(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommandBuilder, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateCommandBuilder); } } } public override DbConnection CreateConnection() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnection); } try { return new OracleConnection(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnection, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnection); } } } public override DbConnectionStringBuilder CreateConnectionStringBuilder() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnectionStringBuilder); } try { return new OracleConnectionStringBuilder(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnectionStringBuilder, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateConnectionStringBuilder); } } } public override DbDataAdapter CreateDataAdapter() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataAdapter); } try { return new OracleDataAdapter(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataAdapter, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataAdapter); } } } public override DbDataSourceEnumerator CreateDataSourceEnumerator() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataSourceEnumerator); } try { return new OracleDataSourceEnumerator(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataSourceEnumerator, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateDataSourceEnumerator); } } } public override DbParameter CreateParameter() { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateParameter); } try { return new OracleParameter(); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateParameter, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreateParameter); } } } public override CodeAccessPermission CreatePermission(PermissionState state) { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Entry, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreatePermission); } try { return new OraclePermission(state); } catch (Exception ex) { OracleException.HandleError(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Error, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreatePermission, ex); throw; } finally { if (ProviderConfig.m_bTraceLevelPublic) { Trace.Write(OracleTraceLevel.Public, OracleTraceTag.Exit, OracleTraceClassName.OracleClientFactory, OracleTraceFuncName.CreatePermission); } } } }}

当然，诸如 Mysql、DB2 等类同。由此可见，当后续新增数据库时，只需对 DbProviderFactory 抽象工厂进行继承即可，对已实现的数据工厂毫无影响。