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Debian 11 Bullseye 升级 Debian 12 Bookworm

 11 months ago
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Debian 11 Bullseye 升级 Debian 12 Bookworm

> linux > Debian 11 Bullseye 升级 Debian 12 Bookworm
202206191902179.png

本文将指导如何升级 Debian 11 Bullseye 到 Debian 12 Bookworm。

除非你是物理服务器,以及没有用过奇奇怪怪定制或修改的内核的 KVM 构架的 VPS 和云主机,否则升级大版本更新内核是有一定机率导致 Grub 加载失败的,切记备份重要数据!

OpenVZ 6 和 LXC 构架的 VPS 是无法升级的,因为他们没有自己独立的内核

再强调一遍,一定要备份重要数据!

以下操作需要在 root 用户下完成,请使用 sudo -i 或 su root 切换到 root 用户进行操作

首先需要更新你当前的系统

apt update
apt upgrade -y
apt dist-upgrade -y
apt autoclean
apt autoremove -y

如果内核更新了,可以重启让最新的内核生效,也可以直接进行升级。

首先更新 apt 源,替换 bullseye 为 bookworm

sed -i 's/bullseye/bookworm/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sed -i 's/bullseye/bookworm/g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list

对于 Debian 12 以后的版本,所有 Debian 可以分发的打包的非自由固件二进制文件(non-free),比如某些驱动,都被转移到 Debian Archive 中的一个新组件,称为非自由固件(non-free-firmware)。如果您从旧版的 Debian 升级,并且需要这些固件二进制文件,您应该更新您系统上的 /etc/apt/sources.list,以使用这个新组件(来源):

sed -i 's/non-free/non-free non-free-firmware/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

默认的系统 apt 源文件 /etc/apt/sources.list 应该是类似这样的:

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware

国内服务器可以替换 deb.debian.org 和 security.debian.org 为 mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

然后我们再次执行更新系统:

apt update
apt upgrade -y
apt dist-upgrade -y

更新过程种会提示一些软件是否需要自动重启,选 Yes 即可,以及一些软件的配置文件是否需要更新,按照自己的情况选择即可,默认回车即视为使用旧的配置文件,一般会出现在 OpenSSH 等软件的更新上。

在 apt-listchanges: News 界面可以按 q 退出:

202306241750675.png

提示是否自动重启服务:

202306241750690.png

提示是否更新 OpenSSH 配置文件:

202306241750609.png

注意某些软件更新后可能会更新 systemd 服务配置,此时我们可以执行 systemctl daemon-reload 重新加载配置。

如果升级的时候遇到了如下错误:

Setting up dbus-daemon (1.14.6-1) ...
UUID file '/var/lib/dbus/machine-id' should contain a hex string of length 32, not length 0, with no other text
dpkg: error processing package dbus-daemon (--configure):
 installed dbus-daemon package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of dbus:
 dbus depends on dbus-daemon (= 1.14.6-1); however:
  Package dbus-daemon is not configured yet.

dpkg: error processing package dbus (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.36-9) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 dbus-daemon
 dbus
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

删除 /var/lib/dbus/machine-id 这个空文件后重新执行命令即可,升级 dbus 时会自动生成这个文件。

rm -rf /var/lib/dbus/machine-id

更新后删除不必要的软件和依赖:

apt autoclean
apt autoremove -y

然后我们使用 reboot 命令重启系统,耐心等待后,查看最新的系统版本:

root@debian ~ # cat /etc/debian_version 
12.0
root@debian ~ # lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:	Debian
Description:	Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)
Release:	12
Codename:	bookworm
root@debian ~ # uname -a
Linux debian 6.1.0-9-cloud-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.1.27-1 (2023-05-08) x86_64 GNU/Linux

这时我们就已经更新到了最新的 Debian 12 Bookworm 和内核了。


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