Foreign and Primary Key Values - What is the Difference? - Essential SQL

This article will teach you the difference between a primary key and foreign key. This article will also teach you why both of these keys are important when it comes to the maintenance of a relational database structure.

All the examples for this lesson are based on Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and the AdventureWorks database.  Use my Guide Getting Started Using SQL Server to learn SQL Server today!

What is the difference between a Primary Key and a Foreign Key?

Before we can dig into the difference, let’s first explore primary and foreign key characteristics. Let’s start out by learning about primary keys.

Primary Keys

In order for a table to qualify as a relational table, it must have a primary key.

The primary key consists of one or more columns whose data contained within are used to uniquely identify each row in the table.  You can think of them as an address.  If the rows in a table were mailboxes, then the primary key would be the listing of street addresses.

In order to be a primary key, several conditions must hold true:

• The columns defining the primary key are unique.
• Each column may contain duplicate values; however, the combination of column values is unique.
• No value within the primary key columns is NULL. I would also extend this to include “blank” values.
• When defining a table you specify the primary key. A table has just one primary key, and its definition is mandatory.
• Primary keys are stored within an index. 
• The index maintains the primary key’s uniqueness requirement. It also makes it easy for foreign key values to refer back to corresponding primary key values, as we will learn about in the following section.

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Foreign Keys

A foreign key is a set of one or more columns in a table that refers to the primary key in another table.  There aren’t any special code, configurations, or table definitions you need to place to officially “designate” a foreign key.

In the diagram below look at the SalesOrderHeader table.  The column SalesOrderHeader.CurrencyRateID is a foreign key since it is related to the CurrencyRate.CurrencyRateID. This column CurrencyRate.CurrencyRateID is the primary key of the CurrencyRate table.

Example of Foreign Key

Keys workingTogether

Look at the following diagram.  Which column is the foreign key?

Foreign Key Value That is Part of PK

If you said it was PersonPhone.BusinessEntityID then you are correct. The reason it is a foreign key is that it is referring to a primary key, Person.BusinessEntityID, on the other table.

Coincidentally, PersonPhone.BusinessEntityID is not only a foreign key but is also part of PersonPhone’s primary key.  The PersonPhone table’s primary key is the combination of BusinessEntityID, PhoneNumber, and PhoneNumberTypeID.

Here are foreign key ideas to keep in mind:

• Unlike primary keys, foreign keys can contain duplicate values.  Also, it is OK for them to contain NULL values.
• Though not automatically created for foreign keys, it is a good idea to define them.
• You can define several foreign key within a table.

Wondering about database indexes? You can learn more about how indexes work here!

In the PersonPhone table can you find the other foreign key (see the answer at end of the article)?

Use Object Explorer to Find Database Keys

When you use SSMS you’ll find all sorts of helpful information in the object explorer.  You don’t have to dig deep to find the primary keys.  When you show a table’s columns, but clicking on the Columns folder, the primary key columns have gold keys next to them.

Finding Primary and Foreign Keys in Object Explorer

Also, if any of the foreign keys are defined in foreign key constraints, which we’ll learn in the following section, then those columns have FK after them.  These are circled in green in the above diagram.

Foreign Key Constraints

Some database management systems, such as SQL Server allow you to set up foreign key constraints.  These help to enforce referential integrity.  In their simplest form, a foreign key constraint stops you from entering values that aren’t found in the related table’s primary key.

Using the first diagram as our example, you can’t enter the SalesOrderHeader.CurrencyRateID if it doesn’t already exist in the CurrencyRate table.

These constraints come into effect in several ways:

1. They bar you from changing the foreign key value to one which doesn’t exist as a value in the related table’s primary key.
2. They stop you from deleting a row from the primary key table. This stops you from creating orphan records.  Orphan records are described as “child records with no parents.”
3. They stop you from adding a foreign key value that doesn’t exist in the primary key.

In summary, the constraints enforce the relationship between the primary and foreign key tables.

Comparison of Primary Keys to Foreign Keys

To summarize here is a comparison of Primary to Foreign Keys

Answer to Question: Earlier we asked for you to identify the other foreign key in the PersonPhone table.  The correct answer is PhoneNumberTypeID.

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Conclusion

A primary key is required to define a relational database table. A foreign key, is one or more columns for another table that references a table’s primary key. In some DBMS’s define foreign key constraints to protect this relationship.