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Rust programming language

 3 years ago
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The unique approach of the Rust programming language results in better code with fewer compromises than C, C++, Go, and the other languages you probably use. It also gets updated regularly, often every month.

Where to download the latest Rust version

If you already have a previous version of Rust installed via rustup, you can access the latest version via the following command:

$ rustup update stable

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Get up to speed quickly on newcomer Rust, designed to create fast, system-level software. This two-minute animated explainer shows how Rust bypasses the vexing programming issues of memory and management.

The new features in Rust 1.49.0

Announced December 31, 2020, Rust 1.49.0 designates 64-bit Arm Linux as a Tier 1 target, thus providing the highest support guarantee, with the full test suite run on this platform on every change merged in the compiler. This support is expected to benefit workloads spanning from embedded systems to servers and desktops. Prebuilt binaries also are available. This marks the first time a non-x86 target has reached Tier 1 support. The Rust development team hopes to bring more platforms into this tier in the future.

Also with Rust 1.49.0, 64-bit Arm for MacOS and Windows reach Tier 2 support. Developers can expect these two targets to have prebuilt binaries installable from rustup. Tier 2 targets are guaranteed to build, and prebuilt binaries are provided. However, the Rust team does not execute the test suite on those platforms. Produced binaries may not work and might have bugs.

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Other additions, improvements, and changes in Rust 1.49.0:

  • Three stable functions have been added to the library: slice::select_nth_unstable, slice::select_nth_unstable_by, and slice::select_nth_unstable_by_key.
  • Two library functions were made const: Poll::is_ready and Poll::is_pending.
  • For the language, unions now can implement Drop and developers now can have a field in a union with ManuallyDrop<T>. Also, uninhibited enums can be cast to integers.
  • Developers can bind by reference and bind by move in patterns, enabling developers to selectively borrow individual components of a type.
  • For the compiler, the minimum supported version of LLVM has been moved to LLVM 9.

The new features in Rust 1.48.0

Unveiled on November 19, 2020, Rust 1.48.0 features easier linking in the Rustdoc library documentation tool, with syntax to let Rustdoc know when developers are trying to link to a type; URLs will be generated. Also in version 1.48.0:

  • Developers can specify #{doc(alias = “<alias>”) ] on items to add search aliases when searching through the Rustdoc UI.
  • The unsafe keyword is now syntactically permitted on modules. While still rejected semantically, this can now be parsed by procedural macros.
  • In the compiler, the -C link-self-contained=<yes|no> compiler flag is stabilized. This tells rustc whether to link its own C runtime and libraries or rely on an external linker to find them. This is supported only on windows-gnu, linux-musl, and wasi platforms.
  • In the library, the [T; N]: TryFrom<Vec<T>> API is now stable. Developers can use it to try to turn a vector into an array of a given length. Also stabilized in this release were five other APIs: slice::as_ptr_range, slice::as_mut_ptr_range, VecDeque::make_contiguous, future::pending, and future::ready.
  • Also in the library, all arrays of any length now implement TryFrom<Vec<T>>.

The new features in Rust 1.47.0

Announced October 8, 2020, Rust 1.47.0 has no new language features but enhances the standard library. Quality of life and toolchain improvements as well as library stabilizations are featured in the release. Release notes have been published for the upgrade.

Specific capabilities in Rust 1.47.0 include:

The new features in 1.46.0

Rust 1.46, announced on August 27, 2020, includes the following capabilities:

  • Several core language features now can be used in const fn, including if, if let, match, and several others.
  • A #[track_caller] attribute, designed to improve error messages when unwrap and related functions panic, is now stable.
  • In a change to the library, std::mem::forget is now a const fn. Also in the library, two new APIs were stabilized: Option::zip and vec::Drain::as_slice.
  • For the compiler, the citylib target can be used on Apple iOS and tvOS platforms.
  • Recursively indexing into tuples no longer requires parentheses.

The new features in Rust 1.45.0

Announced on July 16, 2020, Rust 1.45 includes the following additions and improvements:

  • A fix is offered to mend some longstanding unsoundness when casting between integers and floats.
  • Stabilization is offered for function-like procedural macros in expressions, patterns, and statements. Expansion of the use of macros assists with use of the Rocket web framework for Rust.
  • Several library APIs have been stabilized, such as Arc::as_ptr, BTreeMap::remove_entry, and Span::resolved_at. The full list of APIs can be found in the Rust Blog.

The new features in Rust 1.43.1

This point release was introduced May 7, 2020, to address two regressions introduced in the 1.43.0 stable release. It also updates the OpenSSL version used by the Cargo package manager. Features include:

  • Rust 1.27 introduced support for detecting x86 CPU features in the standard library, via the is_x86_feature_detected macro. Because of an internal refactoring, Rust 1.43.0 prevented detection of features that cannot be used on stable yet, even though detecting them previously was allowed. Version 1.43.1 fixes this regression.
  • A fix is offered for broken cargo package –list command. Rust 1.43 broke support for listing files included in packages published with Cargo, when executed inside a workspace with path dependencies or unpublished versions.
  • OpenSSL, a Cargo dependency, has been updated to 1.1.1g. OpenSSL had released a security advisory but the Rust team was not able to include the fix in time for Rust 1.43.0. The team has no evidence the vulnerability could compromise Cargo users’ security.

The new features in Rust 1.43.0

Announced April 23, 2020, Rust 1.43.0 was considered a fairly minor release, with no major features introduced. Changes include:

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  • Developers can use item fragments to interpolate items into the body of trait, impl, and extern blocks.
  • The type inference around primitives, references, and binary operations was improved.
  • To help integration testing, Cargo will set some new environment variables for tests to find executables.
  • In the Rust library, developers can use associated constants on floats and integers directly without having to import the module. Also, there is a new primitive module that re-exports Rust primitive types, which is useful when writing a macro and developers want to ensure types are not shadowed.
  • Several APIs in the library were stabilized: Once::is_completed, f32::LOG10_2, f32::LOG2_10, f32::LOG10_2, f64::LOG10_2, f64::LOG2_10, and iter::once_with.

The new features in Rust 1.41

Version 1.41.0, announced January 30, 2020, contains the following new features and improvements:

  • Restrictions are relaxed when implementing traits. Prior to Rust 1.41.0, the orphan rule was unnecessarily strict, obstructing composition. The rule was enforced to prevent breakages when a dependency adds a new trait, impl, with the gist being that a trait impl was only permitted if either the trait or the type being implemented is local to the current crate as opposed to a foreign crate.
  • cargo install, for installing binary crates and Rust-based CLI tools, now will update existing installations of the crate if a new release has been published.
  • For lock files, which are used to ensure consistent builds, a new format is introduced to avoid unnecessary merge conflicts when changing dependencies in separate branches. The new format will be used for all new lock files while existing lock files still rely on the previous format.
  • More guarantees are offered when using a Box<T> in FFI (Foreign Function Interface). Box<T>, referred to as a box, provides Rust’s simplest form of heap allocation. If developers have an extern “C” Rust function, called from C, the Rust function now can use Box<T> for some specific T, while using T* in C for the corresponding function. However, developers for now should avoid using Box<T> types for functions that are defined in C but invoked in Rust. In these cases, developers should directly mirror the C types as closely as possible.
  • Additions to the library were made, such as stabilizing the Result::map_or and Result:map_or_else. Also stabilized were the weak_count and strong_count methods. NonZero* numerics now implement From<NonZero*> if it is a smaller integer width.
  • Rust 1.41.0 will be the last version with the current level of compiler support for 32-bit Apple targets.

The new features in Rust 1.40

Rust version 1.40, released in December 2019, contained the following improvements and changes:
  • It’s now possible to allow macros to themselves generate macros. This allows for far more sophisticated metaprogramming using Rust than was previously possible, except perhaps by manual code generation. It’s now also possible to use procedural macros to define types, and to use them in extern blocks. And the new todo!() macro can be used in place of the more verbose unimplemented!().
  • A new attribute, #[non_exhaustive], lets you decorate a type to indicate it might have more fields or other changes in the future. This keeps other code from overriding the definition or using it as part of an exhaustive pattern match, which might break unexpectedly later on when the type is changed.
  • Code that would have compiled under the old borrow checker, but generates a warning under the new borrow checker, will now generate hard errors. This is both to encourage cleanup of older Rust code and to allow the old borrow checker code to be phased out entirely.
  • Several new compiler targets have been added, such as ARM’s Thumb-2 Neon (version 7) and MIPS64 platforms that use the musl lightweight standard library.

The new features in Rust 1.38

Rust 1.38, released in September 2019, contains the following new features and improvements:

  • The Cargo package manager will take advantage of pipelined compilation automatically with Rust 1.38. With pipelined compilation, the compiler does not need dependencies fully built when compiling a crate. All that is needed is their metadata, such as the list of types of dependencies. Metadata is produced early in the compilation process. Some tests have shown compilation speed increases of 10 to 20 percent for optimized, clean builds of some crate graphs. 
  • Linting of some incorrect uses of mem::{unitialized, zeroed}. With this release, the rustc compiler will provide a lint for a narrow class of incorrect initializations using mem::uninitialized or mem::zeroed.
  • Extension of the #[deprecated] attribute to macros. This attribute has allowed crate authors to notify users that an item of their crate is to be deprecated and removed in a future release.
  • Developers can use std::any::type_name to get the name of a type.
  • Stabilization of a number of functions including <*const T>::cast and <*mutT>::cast.

The new features in Rust 1.37

Rust 1.37, released in August 2019, has the following new features and improvements:

  • An ability to refer to enum variants through type. Developers also can refer to enum variants with Self::Variant.
  • The cargo vendor command, previously a separate crate, is now built in to the language. The command fetches project dependencies, unpacks them into the vendor/ directory, and displays the configuration snippet needed to use the vendored code during builds.
  • The rustc compiler supports profile-guided optimization, an optimizing technique for ahead-of-time compilers, via -C profile-generate and -C profile-use.
  • Developers can create unnamed const items.

The new features in Rust 1.36

Version 1.36 of the Rust systems programming language was released in July 2019. Rust 1.36 includes the following new features and enhancements:


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