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FunctionK in Scala 3

 3 years ago
source link: https://blog.oyanglul.us/scala/dotty/en/functionk
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FunctionK in Scala 3

FunctionK in Scala 3

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I'm recently migrating some libs and projects to Scala 3, I guess it would be very helpful to me or anyone interested to learn some new functional programming features that Scala 3 is bringing to us.

Source code 👉 https://github.com/jcouyang/meow

Scala 2

Last section we've seen the usable of FunctionK and Id in Cats when we were trying to implement rank N types in Scala 2.

But the actual usable of FunctionK is like: 

import cats.~>
def tupledOptionToList[B,C](a: (Option[B], Option[C]), fnk: Option ~> List): (List[B], List[C]) =
  (fnk(a._1), fnk(a._2))

Same reason as rank n types, normal function Option[A] => List[A] won't work since A should not be in the same rank with B and C.

So Option ~> List~ When F and G are Functor, FunctionK[F, G] is the natural transformation from F to G, noted F ~> G. hide the A type, means the function only map Kind to other Kind, and leave what ever type A not changed, which is also why is called FunctionK(K for Kind).

Scala 3

While in Scala 3, since we have Rank N Types, a.k.a Polymorphic function types, it is very easy to implement ~>.

Basically you don't even need to implement, just a type alias will do: 

// kind: * -> *
// FunctionK: (* -> *) -> (* -> *)
type ~>[F[?],G[?]] = [A] => F[A] => G[A]

Use the ~> in infix position, you will get exactly same thing Cats FunctionK does: 

object Main {
  // rank 2 type (forall a. Option a -> List a)
  val optionToList: Option ~> List = [A] => (a: Option[A]) => a.toList

  // forall b c. (Option b, Option c) -> (forall a. Option a -> List a) -> (List b, List c)
  def tupledOptionToList[B,C](a: (Option[B], Option[C]), fnk: Option ~> List): (List[B], List[C]) =
      (fnk(a._1), fnk(a._2))

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    println(
      tupledOptionToList((Some(1), Some("2")), optionToList)
    )
  }
}

No Cats needed, even better, it's much easier to define a functionK too: 

// Cats
val optionToList: Option ~> List = new (Option ~> List) {
  def apply(a: Option[A]): List[A] = a.toList
}
// Scala 3
val optionToList: Option ~> List = [A] => (a: Option[A]) => a.toList

Try the above examples online: https://scastie.scala-lang.org/jcouyang/W5jIXajVTU64g8KZe8V7Kw/9

Or clone and run it locally: https://github.com/jcouyang/meow

Footnotes:

1

When F and G are Functor, FunctionK[F, G] is the natural transformation from F to G, noted F ~> G.


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