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pt-online-schema-change MySQL更新表工具

 7 years ago
source link: https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.1/pt-online-schema-change.html
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OPTIONS

--dry-run and --execute are mutually exclusive.

This tool accepts additional command-line arguments. Refer to the “SYNOPSIS” and usage information for details.

--alter

type: string

The schema modification, without the ALTER TABLE keywords. You can perform multiple modifications to the table by specifying them with commas. Please refer to the MySQL manual for the syntax of ALTER TABLE.

The following limitations apply which, if attempted, will cause the tool to fail in unpredictable ways:

  • The RENAME clause cannot be used to rename the table.

  • Columns cannot be renamed by dropping and re-adding with the new name. The tool will not copy the original column’s data to the new column.

  • If you add a column without a default value and make it NOT NULL, the tool will fail, as it will not try to guess a default value for you; You must specify the default.

  • DROP FOREIGN KEY constraint_name requires specifying _constraint_name rather than the real constraint_name. Due to a limitation in MySQL, pt-online-schema-change adds a leading underscore to foreign key constraint names when creating the new table. For example, to drop this contraint:

    CONSTRAINT `fk_foo` FOREIGN KEY (`foo_id`) REFERENCES `bar` (`foo_id`)
    

    You must specify --alter "DROP FOREIGN KEY _fk_foo".

  • The tool does not use LOCK IN SHARE MODE with MySQL 5.0 because it can cause a slave error which breaks replication:

    Query caused different errors on master and slave. Error on master:
    'Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction' (1213),
    Error on slave: 'no error' (0). Default database: 'pt_osc'.
    Query: 'INSERT INTO pt_osc.t (id, c) VALUES ('730', 'new row')'
    

    The error happens when converting a MyISAM table to InnoDB because MyISAM is non-transactional but InnoDB is transactional. MySQL 5.1 and newer handle this case correctly, but testing reproduces the error 5% of the time with MySQL 5.0.

    This is a MySQL bug, similar to http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=45694, but there is no fix or workaround in MySQL 5.0. Without LOCK IN SHARE MODE, tests pass 100% of the time, so the risk of data loss or breaking replication should be negligible.

    Be sure to verify the new table if using MySQL 5.0 and converting from MyISAM to InnoDB!

--alter-foreign-keys-method

type: string

How to modify foreign keys so they reference the new table. Foreign keys that reference the table to be altered must be treated specially to ensure that they continue to reference the correct table. When the tool renames the original table to let the new one take its place, the foreign keys “follow” the renamed table, and must be changed to reference the new table instead.

The tool supports two techniques to achieve this. It automatically finds “child tables” that reference the table to be altered.

Automatically determine which method is best. The tool uses rebuild_constraints if possible (see the description of that method for details), and if not, then it uses drop_swap.

rebuild_constraints

This method uses ALTER TABLE to drop and re-add foreign key constraints that reference the new table. This is the preferred technique, unless one or more of the “child” tables is so large that the ALTER would take too long. The tool determines that by comparing the number of rows in the child table to the rate at which the tool is able to copy rows from the old table to the new table. If the tool estimates that the child table can be altered in less time than the --chunk-time, then it will use this technique. For purposes of estimating the time required to alter the child table, the tool multiplies the row-copying rate by --chunk-size-limit, because MySQL’s ALTER TABLE is typically much faster than the external process of copying rows.

Due to a limitation in MySQL, foreign keys will not have the same names after the ALTER that they did prior to it. The tool has to rename the foreign key when it redefines it, which adds a leading underscore to the name. In some cases, MySQL also automatically renames indexes required for the foreign key.

drop_swap

Disable foreign key checks (FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0), then drop the original table before renaming the new table into its place. This is different from the normal method of swapping the old and new table, which uses an atomic RENAME that is undetectable to client applications.

This method is faster and does not block, but it is riskier for two reasons. First, for a short time between dropping the original table and renaming the temporary table, the table to be altered simply does not exist, and queries against it will result in an error. Secondly, if there is an error and the new table cannot be renamed into the place of the old one, then it is too late to abort, because the old table is gone permanently.

This method forces --no-swap-tables and --no-drop-old-table.

This method is like drop_swap without the “swap”. Any foreign keys that referenced the original table will now reference a nonexistent table. This will typically cause foreign key violations that are visible in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS, similar to the following:

Trying to add to index `idx_fk_staff_id` tuple:
DATA TUPLE: 2 fields;
0: len 1; hex 05; asc  ;;
1: len 4; hex 80000001; asc     ;;
But the parent table `sakila`.`staff_old`
or its .ibd file does not currently exist!

This is because the original table (in this case, sakila.staff) was renamed to sakila.staff_old and then dropped. This method of handling foreign key constraints is provided so that the database administrator can disable the tool’s built-in functionality if desired.

--ask-pass

Prompt for a password when connecting to MySQL.

--charset

short form: -A; type: string

Default character set. If the value is utf8, sets Perl’s binmode on STDOUT to utf8, passes the mysql_enable_utf8 option to DBD::mysql, and runs SET NAMES UTF8 after connecting to MySQL. Any other value sets binmode on STDOUT without the utf8 layer, and runs SET NAMES after connecting to MySQL.

--check-interval

type: time; default: 1

Sleep time between checks for --max-lag.

--[no]check-alter

default: yes

Parses the --alter specified and tries to warn of possible unintended behavior. Currently, it checks for:

Column renames

In previous versions of the tool, renaming a column with CHANGE COLUMN name new_name would lead to that column’s data being lost. The tool now parses the alter statement and tries to catch these cases, so the renamed columns should have the same data as the originals. However, the code that does this is not a full-blown SQL parser, so you should first run the tool with --dry-run and --print and verify that it detects the renamed columns correctly.

DROP PRIMARY KEY

If --alter contain DROP PRIMARY KEY (case- and space-insensitive), a warning is printed and the tool exits unless --dry-run is specified. Altering the primary key can be dangerous, but the tool can handle it. The tool’s triggers, particularly the DELETE trigger, are most affected by altering the primary key because the tool prefers to use the primary key for its triggers. You should first run the tool with --dry-run and --print and verify that the triggers are correct.

--[no]check-plan

default: yes

Check query execution plans for safety. By default, this option causes the tool to run EXPLAIN before running queries that are meant to access a small amount of data, but which could access many rows if MySQL chooses a bad execution plan. These include the queries to determine chunk boundaries and the chunk queries themselves. If it appears that MySQL will use a bad query execution plan, the tool will skip the chunk of the table.

The tool uses several heuristics to determine whether an execution plan is bad. The first is whether EXPLAIN reports that MySQL intends to use the desired index to access the rows. If MySQL chooses a different index, the tool considers the query unsafe.

The tool also checks how much of the index MySQL reports that it will use for the query. The EXPLAIN output shows this in the key_len column. The tool remembers the largest key_len seen, and skips chunks where MySQL reports that it will use a smaller prefix of the index. This heuristic can be understood as skipping chunks that have a worse execution plan than other chunks.

The tool prints a warning the first time a chunk is skipped due to a bad execution plan in each table. Subsequent chunks are skipped silently, although you can see the count of skipped chunks in the SKIPPED column in the tool’s output.

This option adds some setup work to each table and chunk. Although the work is not intrusive for MySQL, it results in more round-trips to the server, which consumes time. Making chunks too small will cause the overhead to become relatively larger. It is therefore recommended that you not make chunks too small, because the tool may take a very long time to complete if you do.

--[no]check-replication-filters

default: yes

Abort if any replication filter is set on any server. The tool looks for server options that filter replication, such as binlog_ignore_db and replicate_do_db. If it finds any such filters, it aborts with an error.

If the replicas are configured with any filtering options, you should be careful not to modify any databases or tables that exist on the master and not the replicas, because it could cause replication to fail. For more information on replication rules, see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/en/replication-rules.html.

--check-slave-lag

type: string

Pause the data copy until this replica’s lag is less than --max-lag. The value is a DSN that inherits properties from the the connection options (--port, --user, etc.). This option overrides the normal behavior of finding and continually monitoring replication lag on ALL connected replicas. If you don’t want to monitor ALL replicas, but you want more than just one replica to be monitored, then use the DSN option to the --recursion-method option instead of this option.

--chunk-index

type: string

Prefer this index for chunking tables. By default, the tool chooses the most appropriate index for chunking. This option lets you specify the index that you prefer. If the index doesn’t exist, then the tool will fall back to its default behavior of choosing an index. The tool adds the index to the SQL statements in a FORCE INDEX clause. Be careful when using this option; a poor choice of index could cause bad performance.

--chunk-index-columns

type: int

Use only this many left-most columns of a --chunk-index. This works only for compound indexes, and is useful in cases where a bug in the MySQL query optimizer (planner) causes it to scan a large range of rows instead of using the index to locate starting and ending points precisely. This problem sometimes occurs on indexes with many columns, such as 4 or more. If this happens, the tool might print a warning related to the --[no]check-plan option. Instructing the tool to use only the first N columns of the index is a workaround for the bug in some cases.

--chunk-size

type: size; default: 1000

Number of rows to select for each chunk copied. Allowable suffixes are k, M, G.

This option can override the default behavior, which is to adjust chunk size dynamically to try to make chunks run in exactly --chunk-time seconds. When this option isn’t set explicitly, its default value is used as a starting point, but after that, the tool ignores this option’s value. If you set this option explicitly, however, then it disables the dynamic adjustment behavior and tries to make all chunks exactly the specified number of rows.

There is a subtlety: if the chunk index is not unique, then it’s possible that chunks will be larger than desired. For example, if a table is chunked by an index that contains 10,000 of a given value, there is no way to write a WHERE clause that matches only 1,000 of the values, and that chunk will be at least 10,000 rows large. Such a chunk will probably be skipped because of --chunk-size-limit.

--chunk-size-limit

type: float; default: 4.0

Do not copy chunks this much larger than the desired chunk size.

When a table has no unique indexes, chunk sizes can be inaccurate. This option specifies a maximum tolerable limit to the inaccuracy. The tool uses <EXPLAIN> to estimate how many rows are in the chunk. If that estimate exceeds the desired chunk size times the limit, then the tool skips the chunk.

The minimum value for this option is 1, which means that no chunk can be larger than --chunk-size. You probably don’t want to specify 1, because rows reported by EXPLAIN are estimates, which can be different from the real number of rows in the chunk. You can disable oversized chunk checking by specifying a value of 0.

The tool also uses this option to determine how to handle foreign keys that reference the table to be altered. See --alter-foreign-keys-method for details.

--chunk-time

type: float; default: 0.5

Adjust the chunk size dynamically so each data-copy query takes this long to execute. The tool tracks the copy rate (rows per second) and adjusts the chunk size after each data-copy query, so that the next query takes this amount of time (in seconds) to execute. It keeps an exponentially decaying moving average of queries per second, so that if the server’s performance changes due to changes in server load, the tool adapts quickly.

If this option is set to zero, the chunk size doesn’t auto-adjust, so query times will vary, but query chunk sizes will not. Another way to do the same thing is to specify a value for --chunk-size explicitly, instead of leaving it at the default.

--config

type: Array

Read this comma-separated list of config files; if specified, this must be the first option on the command line.

--critical-load

type: Array; default: Threads_running=50

Examine SHOW GLOBAL STATUS after every chunk, and abort if the load is too high. The option accepts a comma-separated list of MySQL status variables and thresholds. An optional =MAX_VALUE (or :MAX_VALUE) can follow each variable. If not given, the tool determines a threshold by examining the current value at startup and doubling it.

See --max-load for further details. These options work similarly, except that this option will abort the tool’s operation instead of pausing it, and the default value is computed differently if you specify no threshold. The reason for this option is as a safety check in case the triggers on the original table add so much load to the server that it causes downtime. There is probably no single value of Threads_running that is wrong for every server, but a default of 50 seems likely to be unacceptably high for most servers, indicating that the operation should be canceled immediately.

--default-engine

Remove ENGINE from the new table.

By default the new table is created with the same table options as the original table, so if the original table uses InnoDB, then the new table will use InnoDB. In certain cases involving replication, this may cause unintended changes on replicas which use a different engine for the same table. Specifying this option causes the new table to be created with the system’s default engine.

--defaults-file

short form: -F; type: string

Only read mysql options from the given file. You must give an absolute pathname.

--[no]drop-new-table

default: yes

Drop the new table if copying the original table fails.

Specifying --no-drop-new-table and --no-swap-tables leaves the new, altered copy of the table without modifying the original table. The new table name is like _TBL_new where TBL is the table name.

–no-drop-new-table does not work with alter-foreign-keys-method drop_swap.

--[no]drop-old-table

default: yes

Drop the original table after renaming it. After the original table has been successfully renamed to let the new table take its place, and if there are no errors, the tool drops the original table by default. If there are any errors, the tool leaves the original table in place.

If --no-swap-tables is specified, then there is no old table to drop.

--dry-run

Create and alter the new table, but do not create triggers, copy data, or replace the original table.

--execute

Indicate that you have read the documentation and want to alter the table. You must specify this option to alter the table. If you do not, then the tool will only perform some safety checks and exit. This helps ensure that you have read the documentation and understand how to use this tool. If you have not read the documentation, then do not specify this option.

--help

Show help and exit.

--host

short form: -h; type: string

Connect to host.

--lock-wait-timeout

type: int; default: 1

Set the session value of innodb_lock_wait_timeout. This option helps guard against long lock waits if the data-copy queries become slow for some reason. Setting this option dynamically requires the InnoDB plugin, so this works only on newer InnoDB and MySQL versions. If the setting’s current value is greater than the specified value, and the tool cannot set the value as desired, then it prints a warning. If the tool cannot set the value but the current value is less than or equal to the desired value, there is no error.

--max-lag

type: time; default: 1s

Pause the data copy until all replicas’ lag is less than this value. After each data-copy query (each chunk), the tool looks at the replication lag of all replicas to which it connects, using Seconds_Behind_Master. If any replica is lagging more than the value of this option, then the tool will sleep for --check-interval seconds, then check all replicas again. If you specify --check-slave-lag, then the tool only examines that server for lag, not all servers. If you want to control exactly which servers the tool monitors, use the DSN value to --recursion-method.

The tool waits forever for replicas to stop lagging. If any replica is stopped, the tool waits forever until the replica is started. The data copy continues when all replicas are running and not lagging too much.

The tool prints progress reports while waiting. If a replica is stopped, it prints a progress report immediately, then again at every progress report interval.

--max-load

type: Array; default: Threads_running=25

Examine SHOW GLOBAL STATUS after every chunk, and pause if any status variables are higher than their thresholds. The option accepts a comma-separated list of MySQL status variables. An optional =MAX_VALUE (or :MAX_VALUE) can follow each variable. If not given, the tool determines a threshold by examining the current value and increasing it by 20%.

For example, if you want the tool to pause when Threads_connected gets too high, you can specify “Threads_connected”, and the tool will check the current value when it starts working and add 20% to that value. If the current value is 100, then the tool will pause when Threads_connected exceeds 120, and resume working when it is below 120 again. If you want to specify an explicit threshold, such as 110, you can use either “Threads_connected:110” or “Threads_connected=110”.

The purpose of this option is to prevent the tool from adding too much load to the server. If the data-copy queries are intrusive, or if they cause lock waits, then other queries on the server will tend to block and queue. This will typically cause Threads_running to increase, and the tool can detect that by running SHOW GLOBAL STATUS immediately after each query finishes. If you specify a threshold for this variable, then you can instruct the tool to wait until queries are running normally again. This will not prevent queueing, however; it will only give the server a chance to recover from the queueing. If you notice queueing, it is best to decrease the chunk time.

--password

short form: -p; type: string

Password to use when connecting.

--pid

type: string

Create the given PID file. The file contains the process ID of the tool’s instance. The PID file is removed when the tool exits. The tool checks for the existence of the PID file when starting; if it exists and the process with the matching PID exists, the tool exits.

--port

short form: -P; type: int

Port number to use for connection.

--print

Print SQL statements to STDOUT. Specifying this option allows you to see most of the statements that the tool executes. You can use this option with --dry-run, for example.

--progress

type: array; default: time,30

Print progress reports to STDERR while copying rows. The value is a comma-separated list with two parts. The first part can be percentage, time, or iterations; the second part specifies how often an update should be printed, in percentage, seconds, or number of iterations.

--quiet

short form: -q

Do not print messages to STDOUT (disables --progress). Errors and warnings are still printed to STDERR.

--recurse

type: int

Number of levels to recurse in the hierarchy when discovering replicas. Default is infinite. See also --recursion-method.

--recursion-method

type: array; default: processlist,hosts

Preferred recursion method for discovering replicas. Possible methods are:

METHOD       USES
===========  ==================
processlist  SHOW PROCESSLIST
hosts        SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
dsn=DSN      DSNs from a table
none         Do not find slaves

The processlist method is the default, because SHOW SLAVE HOSTS is not reliable. However, the hosts method can work better if the server uses a non-standard port (not 3306). The tool usually does the right thing and finds all replicas, but you may give a preferred method and it will be used first.

The hosts method requires replicas to be configured with report_host, report_port, etc.

The dsn method is special: it specifies a table from which other DSN strings are read. The specified DSN must specify a D and t, or a database-qualified t. The DSN table should have the following structure:

CREATE TABLE `dsns` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `parent_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `dsn` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
);

To make the tool monitor only the hosts 10.10.1.16 and 10.10.1.17 for replication lag, insert the values h=10.10.1.16 and h=10.10.1.17 into the table. Currently, the DSNs are ordered by id, but id and parent_id are otherwise ignored.

--retries

type: int; default: 3

Retry a chunk this many times when there is a nonfatal error. Nonfatal errors are problems such as a lock wait timeout or the query being killed. This option applies to the data copy operation.

--set-vars

type: string; default: wait_timeout=10000

Set these MySQL variables. Immediately after connecting to MySQL, this string will be appended to SET and executed.

--socket

short form: -S; type: string

Socket file to use for connection.

--statistics

Print statistics about internal counters. This is useful to see how many warnings were suppressed compared to the number of INSERT.

--[no]swap-tables

default: yes

Swap the original table and the new, altered table. This step completes the online schema change process by making the table with the new schema take the place of the original table. The original table becomes the “old table,” and the tool drops it unless you disable --[no]drop-old-table.

--user

short form: -u; type: string

User for login if not current user.

--version

Show version and exit.

--version-check

type: string; default: off

Send program versions to Percona and print suggested upgrades and problems. Possible values for –version-check:

https, http, auto, off

auto first tries using https, and resorts to http if that fails. Keep in mind that https might not be available if IO::Socket::SSL is not installed on your system, although --version-check http should work everywhere.

The version check feature causes the tool to send and receive data from Percona over the web. The data contains program versions from the local machine. Percona uses the data to focus development on the most widely used versions of programs, and to suggest to customers possible upgrades and known bad versions of programs.

For more information, visit http://www.percona.com/version-check.


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