A look back on OCaml since 2011

As you already know if you’ve readour last blogpost, we have updated our OCaml cheat sheets starting with the language and stdlib ones. We know some of you have students to initiate in September and we wanted these sheets to be ready for the start of the school year! We’re working on more sheets for OCaml tools like opam or Dune and important libraries such as Obj Lwt or Core. Keep an eye on our blog or the repo on GitHub to follow all the updates.

Going through the documentation was a journey to the past: we have looked back on 8 years of evolution of the OCaml language and library. New feature after new feature, OCaml has seen many changes. Needless to say, upgrading our cheat sheets to OCaml 4.08.1 was a trip down memory lane. We wanted to share our throwback experience with you!

2011

Fabrice Le Fessant first published our cheat sheets in 2011, the year OCamlPro was created! At the time, OCaml was in its 3.12 version and just got its current name agreed upon. First-class modules were the new big thing, Camlp4 and Camlp5 were battling for the control of the syntax extension world and Godi and Oasis were the packaging rage.

2012

Right after 3.12 came the switch to OCaml 4.00 which brought a major change: GADTs (generalized algebraic data types). Most of OCaml’s developers don’t use their almighty typing power, but the possibilities they provide are really helpful in some cases, most notably the format overhaul. They’re also a fun way to troll a beginner asking how to circumvent the typing system on Stack Overflow. Since most of us might lose track of their exact syntax, GADTs deserve their place in the updated sheet (if you happen to be OCamlPro’s CTO, of course the writer of this blogpost remembers how to use GADTs at all times) .

On the standard library side, the big change was the switch of Hashtbl to Murmur 3 and the support for seeded randomization .

2013

With OCaml 4.01 came constructor disambiguation , but there isn’t really a way to add this to the sheet. This feature allows you to avoid misguided usage of polymorphic variants, but that’s a matter of personal taste (there’s a well-known rule that if you refresh the comments section enough times, someone —usually called Daniel— will appear to explain polymorphic variants’ superiority to you). -ppx rewriters were introduced in this version as well.

The standard library got a few new functions. Notably, Printexc.get_callstack for stack inspection, the optimized application operators |> and @@ and Format.asprintf .

2014

Gabriel Scherer, on the Caml-list, end of January:

TL;DR: During the six next months, we will follow pull requests (PR) posted on the github mirror of the OCaml distribution, as an alternative to the mantis bugtracker. This experiment hopes to attract more people to participate in the extremely helpful and surprisingly rewarding activity of patch reviews.

Can you guess which change to the cheat-sheets came with 4.02? It’s a universally-loved language feature added in 2014. Still don’t know? It is exceptional ! Got it?

Drum roll… it is the match with exception construction ! It made our codes simpler, clearer and in some cases more efficient. A message to people who want to improve the language: please aim for that.

This version also added the {quoted|foo|quoted} syntax (which broke comments), generative functors, attributes and extension nodes , extensible data types, module aliases and, of course, immutable strings (which was optional at the time). Immutable strings is the one feature that prompted us to remove a line from the cheat sheets. More space is good. Camlp4 and Labltk moved out of the distribution.

In consequence of immutable strings, Bytes and BytesLabel were added to the library. For the great pleasure of optimization addicts, raise_notrace popped up. Under the hood, the format type was re-implemented using GADTs.

2015

This release was so big that 4.02.2 feels like a release in itself, with the adding of nonrec and #... operators.

The standard library was spared by this bug-fix themed release. Note that this is the last comparatively slow year of OCaml as the transition to GitHub would soon make features multiply, as hindsight teaches us.

2016

Speaking of a major release, we’re up to OCaml 4.03! It introduced inline records , a GADT exhaustiveness check on steroids (with -> . to denote unreachability) and standard attributes like warning , inlined , unboxed or immediate . Colors appeared in the compiler and last but not least, it was the dawn of a new option calledFlambda.

The library saw a lot of useful new functions coming in: lots of new iterators for Array , an equal function in most basic type modules, Uchar , the *_ascii alternatives and, of course, Ephemeron .

4.04 was much more restrained, but it was the second release in a single year. Local opening of module with the M.{} syntax was added along with the let exception ... in construct. String.split_on_char was notably added to the stdlib which means we don’t have to rewrite it anymore.

2017

We now get to 4.05… which did not change the language. Not that the development team wasn’t busy, OCaml just got better without any change to the syntax.

On the library side however, much happened, with the adding of *_opt functions pretty much everywhere. If you’re using the OCaml compiler from Debian , this is where you might think the story ends. You’d be wrong…

…because 4.06 added a lot! My own favorite feature from this release has to be user-defined indexing operators . This is also when safe-string became the default, giving worthwhile work to every late maintainer in the community. This release also added one awesome function in the standard library: Map.update .

2018

4.07 was aimed towards solidifying the language. It added empty variants and type-based selection of GADT constructors to the mix.

On the library side, one old and two new modules were added, with the integration of Bigarray , Seq and Float .

2019

And here we are with 4.08, in the present day! We can now put exceptions under or-patterns, which is the only language change from this release we propagated to the sheet. Time will tell if we need to add custom binding operators or [@@alert] . Pervasives is now deprecated in profit of Stdlib and new modules are popping up ( Int , Bool , Fun , Result … did we miss one?) while Sort made its final deprecation warning.

We did not add 4.09 to this journey to the past, as this release is still solidly in the now at the time of this blogpost. Rest assured, we will see much more awesome features in OCaml in the future! In the meantime, we are working on updating more cheat sheets: keep posted!