Better Bash History (2012)
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By default, the Bash shell keeps the history of your most recent session in the .bash_history
file, and the commands you’ve issued in your current session
are also available with a history
call. These defaults are useful for keeping
track of what you’ve been up to in the shell on any given machine, but with
disks much larger and faster than they were when Bash was designed, a little
tweaking in your .bashrc
file can record history more permanently,
consistently, and usefully.
Append history instead of rewriting it
You should start by setting the histappend
option, which will mean that when
you close a session, your history will be appended
to the .bash_history
file rather than overwriting what’s in there.
shopt -s histappend
Allow a larger history file
The default maximum number of commands saved into the .bash_history
file is a
rather meager 500. If you want to keep history further back than a few weeks or
so, you may as well bump this up by explicitly setting $HISTSIZE
to a much
larger number in your .bashrc
. We can do the same thing with the $HISTFILESIZE
variable.
HISTFILESIZE=1000000 HISTSIZE=1000000
The man
page for Bash says that HISTFILESIZE
can be unset
to stop
truncation entirely, but unfortunately this doesn’t work
in .bashrc
files due to the order in which variables are set; it’s therefore more
straightforward to simply set it to a very large number.
If you’re on a machine with resource constraints, it might be a good idea to
occasionally archive old .bash_history
files to speed up login and reduce
memory footprint.
Don’t store specific lines
You can prevent commands that start with a space from going into history by
setting $HISTCONTROL
to ignorespace
. You can also ignore duplicate
commands, for example repeated du
calls to watch a file grow, by adding ignoredups
. There’s a shorthand to set both in ignoreboth
.
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
You might also want to remove the use of certain commands from your history,
whether for privacy or readability reasons. This can be done with the $HISTIGNORE
variable. It’s common to use this to exclude ls
calls,job
control builtins like bg
and fg
, and calls to history
itself:
HISTIGNORE='ls:bg:fg:history'
Record timestamps
If you set $HISTTIMEFORMAT
to something useful, Bash will record the
timestamp of each command in its history. In this variable you can specify the
format in which you want this timestamp displayed when viewed with history
. I
find the full date and time to be useful, because it can be sorted easily and
works well with tools like cut
and awk
.
HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '
Use one command per line
To make your .bash_history
file a little easier to parse, you can force
commands that you entered on more than one line to be adjusted to fit on only
one with the cmdhist
option:
shopt -s cmdhist
Store history immediately
By default, Bash only records a session to the .bash_history
file on disk
when the session terminates. This means that if you crash or your session
terminates improperly, you lose the history up to that point. You can fix this
by recording each line of history as you issue it, through the $PROMPT_COMMAND
variable:
PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a'
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