Controlled and uncontrolled component design pattern in React

The Uncontrolled

An Uncontrolled Component is one that stores and maintains its own state internally.

• A ref is used to find its current value when you need it.
• React doesn't recommend this pattern but it's useful when developers only care about the final state rather than the intermediate state of the component. The following is an example of a Switch implemented in uncontrolled way.

class Switch extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    // maintain its own state
    this.state = {
      checked: false
    };
  }
  
  // expose state data for parent component to access
  get value() {
    return this.state.checked;
  }
  
  toggle = () => {
    this.setState((prevState) => {
       return {
         checked: !prevState.checked
       }
    })
  }

  render() {
    // check status is maintained in own state
    const { checked } = this.state;
    let classNames = ['switch'];
    
    if (checked) {
      classNames = [...classNames, 'checked']
    }
    return (
      <div>
        <button className={classNames.join(' ')} onClick={this.toggle}/>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Wrapper extends React.Component {
  
  ref = React.createRef();

  getValue = () => {
    alert(this.ref.current.value);
  }
  
  render() {
    return <React.Fragment>
      <Switch ref={this.ref}/>
      <button onClick={this.getValue} style={{ marginTop: 20 }}> Switch Status </button>
    </React.Fragment>
  }
}

ReactDOM.render(
  <Wrapper />,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

The Controlled

A Controlled Component takes its current value through props and notifies changes through callbacks. A parent component "controls" it by handling the callback and managing its own state and passing the new values as props to the controlled component.

The following is an example of a Switch implemented in controlled way.

class Switch extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
  }
  
  toggle = () => {
    // callback passed in from parent
    const { checked, onChange } = this.props;
    onChange(!checked)
  }

  render() {
    // check status is maintained by props from parent component
    const { checked } = this.props;
    let classNames = ['switch'];
    
    if (checked) {
      classNames = [...classNames, 'checked']
    }
    return (
      <div>
        <button className={classNames.join(' ')} onClick={this.toggle}/>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Wrapper extends React.Component {
  
  state = {
    checked: false
  }

  getValue = () => {
    alert(this.state.checked);
  }
  
  // when check status changes, maintain it in parent state
  onChange = (checked) => {
    this.setState({
      checked
    })
  }
  
  render() {
    return <React.Fragment>
      <Switch checked={this.state.checked} onChange={this.onChange}/>
      <button onClick={this.getValue} style={{ marginTop: 20 }}> Switch Status </button>
    </React.Fragment>
  }
}

ReactDOM.render(
  <Wrapper />,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

The Mixed

A Mixed Component allows for usage in either Uncontrolled or Controlled way. It accepts its initial value as a prop and puts it in state. It then reacts to props change through Component Lifecycle to sync state update to date with props.

Switch Example in Mixed mode

class Switch extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    // maintain check status in own state
    this.state = {
      checked: props.checked || false
    };
  }
  
  get value() {
    return this.state.checked;
  }
  
  static getDerivedStateFromProps(nextProps, currentState) {
    // react to props change and sync state accordingly
    // only in controlled mode
    if(nextProps.hasOwnProperty('checked') && (nextProps.checked != currentState.checked)) {
      return {
        checked: nextProps.checked
      }
    }
    return null;
  }
  
  toggle = () => {
    const { onChange, checked } = this.props;
    const { checked: checkedInState } = this.state
    if (!this.props.hasOwnProperty('checked')) {
      // no checked prop, uncontrolled
      this.setState({
        checked: !checkedInState
      })
    }
    onChange && onChange(!checkedInState)
  }

  render() {
    const { checked } = this.state;
    let classNames = ['switch'];
    
    if (checked) {
      classNames = [...classNames, 'checked']
    }
    return (
      <div>
        <button className={classNames.join(' ')} onClick={this.toggle}/>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class Wrapper extends React.Component {
  
  ref = React.createRef();

  state = {
    controlledChecked: false,
  }

  controlledOnChange = (checked) => {
    this.setState({
      controlledChecked: checked;
    })
  }

  getUncontrolledValue = () => {
    alert(this.ref.current.value);
  }
  
  getControlledValue = () => {
    alert(this.state.controlledCheck);
  }
  
  render() {
    return <React.Fragment>
      <div>
        Uncontrolled: <Switch ref={this.ref}/>
        <button onClick={this.getUncontrolledValue} style={{marginTop: 20}}>
          Uncontrolled Switch Status 
        </button>
      </div>
      <hr/>
      <div>
        Controlled: <Switch checked={this.state.controlledChecked} onChange={this.controlledOnChange}/>
        <button onClick={this.getControlledValue} style={{marginTop: 20}}>
          Controlled Switch Status
        </button>
      </div>
      <hr/>
    </React.Fragment>
  }
}

ReactDOM.render(
  <Wrapper />,
  document.getElementById('root')
);

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