How Tesla's Aero Wheels Improve Efficiency More Than You Would Expect
source link: https://www.slashgear.com/864884/how-teslas-aero-wheels-improve-efficiency-more-than-you-would-expect/
Go to the source link to view the article. You can view the picture content, updated content and better typesetting reading experience. If the link is broken, please click the button below to view the snapshot at that time.
How Tesla's Aero Wheels Improve Efficiency More Than You Would Expect
When it comes to all-electric vehicles, wheels and tires make a huge difference. EV automakers offer different sets of wheels — designed to increase performance or range — and different sets of tires, including winter and summer tires.
Tire manufacturer Continental explains why EVs need different tires: It's all about weight, torque, and sound. Due to the lack of combustion engines, all-electric cars are quieter, and normal tires and wheels are not used because they are noisier. EVs also put in more torque on the road than traditional cars. Finally, weight, the battery pack on an EV weighs more than a fully loaded gas tank in a traditional car, therefore tires are modified for extra weight. EV tires also have to perform all the security features traditional wheels and tires do — rapid braking, driving on wet and dry roads, and mileage wear — with these added challenges.
Drag and resistance play a major role in EVs, and the aerodynamic characteristics of an all-electric are exhaustively tested to reduce them. Low-resistance tires and aerodynamic wheels increase range, and grip, and reduce noise performance. Tesla uses Michelin special tires and has its in-house technology for wheels called aero wheels.
Testing a Tesla Model 3 with and without aero wheels
The Tesla Model 3 comes equipped with standard 18-inch wheels with aero covers. Car and Driver tested a Model 3 to determine how much savings in energy consumption and increase in range the aero covers provided. Their tests revealed that Model 3's efficiency was more than expected. It averaged an increase of 3.4% in consumption efficiency and added about 10 miles of range.
Range with aero covers driving at 50 miles per hour increased from 312 to 322 miles. Driving at 70 miles per hour range increased from 253 to 260 miles, and at 90 miles per hour the increase of range was 4.7% totaling 199 miles. Consumption of KH/mile, driving at 50 miles per hour decreased by 3.1%, at 50 miles per hour it decreased by 2.5%, and at 90 miles per hour it decreased by 4.5%.
Car and Driver tested the Tesla Model 3 on the Chrysler Proving Grounds' five-mile oval track, at an ambient temperature of 44 degrees Fahrenheit, with tires set at 42 psi, and in zero traffic conditions.
Aesthetics of aero wheels versus aerodynamic engineering
Electrek reports that since Tesla launched the first aero wheels for the Model S, the wheels have been downplayed for being "uglier" than regular wheels. While Tesla has made significant design modifications, its aero wheels still raise some eyebrows for covering most of the wheel. Tesla assures the caps on the wheels can be removed and has been for years explaining the science behind the wheels and how they improve performance.
As reported by Electrek, Robert Palin — who worked for Tesla's aerodynamic team since 2009 — explains the importance of the Model 3 wheel design. "I was the head of aero at Tesla for MS, MX, and M3, and I can confirm that wheel design and size can be the biggest influence of all on the aero efficiency of a road car", Palin said in a Facebook post republished by Electrek. Palin added that the skeleton of the wheel is alloy but its unique shape increases strength and optimizes mass.
The aero wheels' benefits increase with speed; "If you go twice as fast, you use 8x the power", Palin adds. In urban environments, tire technology plays a greater role than aero covers, and rolling resistance comes into play. Tesla uses special Michelin tires to reduce rolling resistance. Tesla's online shop sells 18", 19", 20", and 21", wheel and tire packages as well as aero wheel covers for all its models, with prices ranging from about $2,000 to $6,000.
10 Defunct Car Brands We Wish Still Existed
The number of automotive manufacturers that have existed since the end of the 19th century is staggering. Reasons as diverse as economic depression and recession, mismanagement, changing trends, and outright fraud have brought down many storied — as well as obscure — marques. Indeed, the annals of auto history are fraught with tales of the destruction and demise of much-loved automobiles.
Occasionally once-dead automakers achieve success through revitalization, such as Bugatti and Spyker. Others have seen attempts to restore former glory crash and burn into notorious failure. The Stutz brand is one that saw this sort of successful resurgence only to die — followed by another attempted resuscitation just to, as outlined by Forbes, once again be lost and possibly gone forever.
Despite these successes and failures, it is often an interesting and even slightly emotional exercise to ponder a future where these manufacturers did not succumb to the pressures of the marketplace and lived to see another race day in the modern era. These 10 marques deserve a second act in the 21st century.
1. American Motors Corporation
Always the underdog of the American auto landscape, AMC was an inventive manufacturer that produced many fan favorites. With such powerhouses as the Marlin and AMX, as well as the trusty Rambler and Eagle, AMC excelled in finding an unserved niche and filling it with a model unlike any other. If it had continued to survive despite its underdog position, there is no doubt modern AMC vehicles would still be cut from a different cloth.
While it would have to produce SUVs out of competitive necessity, the brand likely would have maintained its lineup of fun compact cars and wagons that most American manufacturers are abandoning. Adding to that, a modern version of the AMX could give the C8 corvette some real American competition. AMC was always the little car maker that could, and it would be fun to see what they could have done with the amazing engineering and technology of the 21st century.
2. Studebaker Corporation
Another underdog of American manufacturers, Studebaker is known for having produced well-built and interesting cars and trucks that stood out amongst the burgeoning American auto industry of the late 1800s. As noted by the Smithsonian Libraries, Studebaker began as a builder of horse-drawn carriages and would be the oldest automaker if it still existed today. While not known as a performance car manufacturer, it did make some impressive V8 engines, including some with a supercharger.
One such model that would be a fascinating modern car is the Hawk. This was their luxury coupe that paired V8 power with stunning good looks and comfort. Today it would very likely have a downsized engine powered up with turbo and/or supercharging. According to the Smithsonian Institution, Studebaker also bought the Paxton Corporation, a maker of superchargers. It would be easy to see that relationship leading to modern supercharged rockets taking advantage of advances in engineering and forced induction coming from the South Bend, Indiana automaker. Studebaker could be a fierce competitor to Buick or Volvo, slated in the upscale, yet not-quite-luxury market.
3. Duesenberg Motors Company
Sitting comfortably atop the hierarchy of luxury automakers in the early 20th century, Duesenberg was known for producing the finest automobiles in the world for the most discerning and demanding of customers. Being an extremely expensive car, it was the automobile of choice for the wealthy from actors to gangsters, per Discovery UK. Not only was Duesenberg known for opulence, but it also delivered superb engineering, developing some of the most powerful production engines of the pre-war era.
If it had survived the Depression, Duesenberg would still be a rival to Rolls-Royce and Bentley, delivering a car for the rich and famous that would fly past our current luxury marques, Lincoln and Cadillac, by leaps and bounds. No shortage of automatic and hands-free accessories or turbo power would befall a modern Duesenberg. These days, the brand would still be the standard of American luxury to which all other automakers would aspire, just the way brands did back in its heyday.
4. Pontiac
While the keeping of so many brands within General Motors may have seemed redundant, Pontiac offered unique, fun, and sporty alternatives for decades. While legitimate arguments exist for why it went under, Pontiac more often than not lived up to their motto of "We Build Excitement." One of the defining features of the brand was its inclusion of sporty cars that were attractive and fun to drive, yet not overpriced.
They often were a little more refined than their Chevrolet counterparts and offered more options to create unique models. Certainly, a modern Pontiac would include the legendary Trans-Am based on the current Camaro, but it could easily pick up the reins of the Fiero with a fun two-seater electric sports car. With Chevy and Buick mostly churning out variations of the same two-box SUV, Pontiac would be well suited for creating a niche performance brand within the General Motors family of automobiles. It may well be time to bring all that "excitement" back to the mainstream.
5. Tucker Corporation
It takes a true visionary to take on established and entrenched industrial organizations and attempt to outfox them at their own game. This has been true with Tesla as Elon Musk reframed the orthodox thinking about what a car should be and do and turned it on its head. If Tucker had Musk-level cash to finance his vision, that may not be the case.
Preston Tucker wanted to bring to market a car that excelled in all the areas in which the big three and others didn't just fail, they failed to even see there was a failure taking place. Smithsonian Magazine details the litany of safety features he wanted, including mind-blowing innovations such as seatbelts, padded dashboards, and windows that popped out in the event of a crash in an era long before safety was incorporated into auto designs.
Tucker, the man and the company, were both reduced to nothing by a bogus SEC investigation and sensational reporting, as recounted by Wired Magazine. If not for these unfortunate events, we may well have the safest electric car on the American roads wearing a Tucker badge instead of Tesla. The ideas Tucker wanted to implement were ahead of their time and a modern Tucker would surely be at the cutting edge of auto development if it only could have survived.
6. DeLorean Motor Company
With decades of experience running divisions of the largest car company on Earth, John DeLorean brought plenty of tried and true ideas to his company. However, good ideas don't necessarily make for a good company. Nonetheless, the DMC-12 automobile he created has left a lasting impression in popular culture and continues to be a fixture in the folklore of the American car enthusiast.
At the time of its release, the DMC-12 was a car that sought a very niche audience. The number of people who can afford to purchase a high-end, two-seat sports car with virtually no practicality is sparse. This has always been true, but the current market seems to have plenty of room for high-end automakers with foolishly impractical yet absurdly powerful speed machines. A modern stainless steel gullwing sports car could have a place in today's market.
The modern DeLorean would surely be electric, but had it been revived sometime in the early 2000s before the company's namesake had passed, Delorean could have easily picked up an Audi V8 in the way Spyker did or have AMG engineer a hefty turbo V6 with plenty of power. With John DeLorean's passing in 2005, his legacy shall always be sealed firmly in the past, along with a kid named Marty heading 88 mph into the future.
7. Baker Motor Vehicle Company
One of the bestsellers of the Brass Era of automobiles, which ran roughly 1896 to 1915, the Baker Motor Vehicle Company would fit nicely into the current landscape of motoring. More than a century before the emergence of Tesla as the leader in electric vehicles, Baker boasted impressive sales of up to 17 battery-powered vehicles, according to Classic, including one of the first vehicles bought for the White House fleet.
While the convenience and power of internal combustion quickly eclipsed the limitations of electric propulsion, for a time, the Baker electric car was one of America's top sellers. Car and Driver reports that in 1903, an engineer for the company managed to achieve a range of 201 miles from a single charge, albeit only while traveling 12 mph. A modern Baker Motor Vehicle Company would fit in very well into the EV revolution, wielding its authority as an original innovator in the space.
8. Jensen Motors Limited
More familiar to British audiences, Jensen's were unique, innovative, and powerful cars for the "English gentleman." From the start, Jensen was always more of a coachbuilder and produced bodies for other manufacturers in the pre-war era, notes MyAutoWorld. Some of their first original creations sat atop other manufacturers' chassis and drivetrain configurations.
Later models came about being fully manufactured by Jensen, but still using other companies' engines. One of its most loved models was the Interceptor, which was powered by a massive Chrysler Hemi V8. Australian Jensen Club Magazine states that the Jensen Interceptor FF was the first all-wheel-drive production sports car in 1966. Being a small independent company meant that they had to pool their resources with others, and when they did, created some phenomenal machines.
Should Jensen Motors exist today, it is possible they would be a clever and niche brand utilizing the vast development capabilities of Ford or VW to build fast and fun cars that are generally unattainable for most people, but not exclusively affordable to the ultra-wealthy. Even a modern proper British sports car powered by a Hellcat V8 would be an interesting proposition.
9. Saab Automobile AB
Among the quirkiest of automotive brands, Saab cranked out unique cars using meager budgets paired with ingenious Swedish engineering solutions. Among the many quirks of a Saab are the location of the key in the center of the console between the front seats, and the placement of their slanted 4 cylinder engine in reverse, such that the clutch is actually in the front of the car and the driven accessories are toward the back of the engine compartment against the firewall.
Saab fell victim to the financial crisis of 2008 during the restructuring of General Motors, which decided to sell the brand off to the highest bidder, as reported by The New York Times. The attempt by boutique car maker Spyker to keep the storied Swedish marque afloat ended in abysmal failure, with the pieces of Saab picked up by a Chinese company that, according to Motor Trend, has since gone bankrupt and later been revived as an electric mobility company. At the time of its demise, Saab had concept cars and new platforms in the works and had just released an all-new Saab 9-5 model. The Spyker-led company managed to produce only 3,419 of the new 9-5 models before production ceased, per eSaabparts.com.
It is likely a modern Saab would have continued on this path, creating new hybrid and electric models with updated styling. Without the calamity that was the 2008 financial crisis, there is no reason to think that Saab would not be here today.
10. Trabant
Of all the cars one would want to see revived, a terrible, smoky, unreliable rattlebox from East Germany is not likely to be on the list. One might question the sanity of reviving such a brand, but there are at least a few reasons to substantiate. For the uninitiated, the Trabant was a compact car produced in communist East Germany from 1957 to 1990 (production continued after German reunification, but ended in 1991). It was a small, poorly built little car with no power windows, no power seats, and generally no power at all. It was propelled by a 2-stroke, 2-cylinder air-cooled engine producing 26 horsepower coupled to a four-speed column shift transmission.
By all accounts, it was not a good car, an objective fact attested to by Motor1. But for lucky and loyal socialist party members of the DDR, or East Germany, it was a treasure. It is no surprise with the fall of the Berlin Wall that the inefficient and outdated Trabant would cease production. But with the modern automotive industry offering few, if any, truly small and affordable cars, Trabant could fit into its own low-end niche.
The thought of young professionals and college students tooling around in a modern Trabant complete with all of its original styling is not so far-fetched. If vinyl records can once again dominate the sales charts, there's no reason Trabant couldn't, too.
Recommend
About Joyk
Aggregate valuable and interesting links.
Joyk means Joy of geeK