15 Common Operations on Arrays in JavaScript (Cheatsheet)

The array is a widely used data structure in JavaScript.

The number of operations you can perform on arrays (iteration, inserting items, removing items, etc) is big. The array object provides a decent number of useful methods like array.forEach() , array.map() and more.

Often I find myself overwhelmed by the number of possible operations on arrays and the corresponding implementations. You might be in the same situation too.

I’ve decided to implement 15 common operations on arrays. If you need to perform a specific operation, just pick the implementation from the table of contents.

1. Iterate

1.1 for..of cycle

for(const item of items) cycle iterates over array items.

Let’s iterate over a list of colors :

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'white'];

for (const color of colors) {
  console.log(color);
}
// 'blue'
// 'green'
// 'white'

On each iteration, the variable color is assigned with the iterated item.

Tips:

• You can stop iterating at any time using a break statement.

1.2 for cycle

for(let i; i < array.length; i++) cycle iterates over array items using an incrementing index variable.

for usually requires index variable that increments on each cycle:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'white'];

for (let index = 0; index < colors.length; index++) {
  const color = colors[index];
  console.log(color);
}
// 'blue'
// 'green'
// 'white'

index variable increments from 0 until colors.length - 1 . This variable is used to access the item by index: colors[index] .

Tips:

• You can stop iterating at any time using a break statement.

1.3 array.forEach() method

array.forEach(callback) method iterates over array items by invoking callback function on every array item.

On each iteration callback(item [, index [, array]]) is called with arguments: iterated item, index and the array itself.

Let’s iterate over colors array:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'white'];

colors.forEach(function callback(value, index) {
  console.log(value, index);
});
// 'blue', 0
// 'green', 1
// 'white', 2

array.forEach(callback) invokes callback 3 times for every item in the array: 'blue' , 'green' and 'white' .

Tips:

• You cannot break array.forEach() iterating.

2. Map

2.1 array.map() method

array.map(callback) method creates to a new array by using callback invocation result on each array item.

On each iteration callback(item[, index[, array]]) is invoked with arguments: current item, index and the array itself. It should return the new item.

Let’s increment the numbers of an array:

const numbers = [0, 2, 4];

const newNumbers = numbers.map(function increment(number) {
  return number + 1;
});

newNumbers; // => [1, 3, 5]

numbers.map(increment) creates a new array from numbers by incrementing each array item.

Tips:

• array.map() creates a new mapped array, without mutating the original one.

2.2 Array.from() function

Array.from(arrayLike[, callback]) method creates to a new array by using callback invocation result on each array item.

On each iteration callback(item[, index[, array]]) is invoked with arguments: current item, index and the array itself. It should return the new item.

Let’s increment the numbers of an array:

const numbers = [0, 2, 4];

const newNumbers = Array.from(numbers,
  function increment(number) {
    return number + 1;
  }
);

newNumbers; // => [1, 3, 5]

Array.from(numbers, increment) creates a new array from numbers by incrementing each array item.

Tips:

• Array.from() creates a new mapped array, without mutating the original one
• Array.from() fits better to map from anarray-like object.

3. Reduce

3.1 array.reduce() method

array.reduce(callback[, initialValue]) reduces the array to a value by invoking callback function as a reducer.

On each iteration callback(accumulator, item[, index[, array]]) is invoked with arguments: accumulator, current item, index and the array itself. It should return the accumulator.

The classic example is summing an array of numbers:

const numbers = [2, 0, 4];

function summarize(accumulator, number) {
  return accumulator + number;
}

const sum = numbers.reduce(summarize, 0);

sum; // => 6

At first step accumulator is initialized with 0 . Then summarize function is invoked on each array item accumulating the sum of numbers.

Tips:

• The first array item becomes the initial value if you skip the initialValue argument.

4. Concat

4.1 array.concat() method

array.concat(array1[, array2, ...]) concatenates to the original array one or more arrays.

Let’s concatenate 2 arrays of names:

const heroes = ['Batman', 'Robin'];
const villains = ['Joker', 'Bane'];

const everyone = heroes.concat(villains);

everyone; // => ['Batman', 'Robin', 'Joker', 'Bane']

heroes.concat(villains) creates a new array by concatenating heroes and villains arrays.

Tips:

array.concat()
array.concat(array1[, array2, ...])

4.2 Spread operator

You can use the spread operator with an array literal to concatenate arrays: [...array1, ...array2] .

Let’s concatenate 2 arrays of names:

const heroes = ['Batman', 'Catwoman'];
const villains = ['Joker', 'Bane'];

const names = [...heroes, ...villains];

names; // => ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane']

[...heroes, ...villains] spreads heroes and villains items, then creates a new array containing all spread items.

• [...arr1, ...arr2, ...arrN] : you can concat as many arrays as you need using spread operator.

5. Slice

5.1 array.slice() method

array.slice([fromIndex[, toIndex]]) returns a slice of the array starting fromIndex and ending toIndex (excluding toIndex itself). fromIndex optional argument defaults to 0 , toIndex optional argument defaults to array.length .

Let’s get some array slices:

const names = ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];

const heroes = names.slice(0, 2);
const villains = names.slice(2);

heroes; // => ['Batman', 'Catwoman']
villains; // => ['Joker', 'Bane']

names.slice(0, 2) returns a slice of 2 items from names array.

names.slice(2) returns a slice of 2 items. The end argument defaults to names.length .

Tips:

• array.slice() creates a new array, without mutating the original one.

6. Clone

6.1 Spread operator

An easy way to clone an array is to use the spread operator: const clone = [...array] ;

Let’s clone an array of colors :

const colors = ['white', 'black', 'gray'];

const clone = [...colors];

clone; // => ['white', 'black', 'gray']
colors === clone; // => false

[...colors] creates a clone of colors array.

Tips:

• [...array] creates a shallow copy.

6.2 array.concat() method

[].concat(array) is yet another approach on how to clone array .

const colors = ['white', 'black', 'gray'];

const clone = [].concat(colors);

clone; // => ['white', 'black', 'gray']
colors === clone; // => false

[].concat(colors) creates a clone of colors array.

Tips:

• [].concat(array) creates a shallow copy.

6.3 array.slice() method

array.slice() is another approach on how to clone array .

const colors = ['white', 'black', 'gray'];

const clone = colors.slice();

clone; // => ['white', 'black', 'gray']
colors === clone; // => false

colors.slice() creates a clone of colors array.

Tips:

• colors.slice() creates a shallow copy.

7. Search

8.1 array.includes() method

array.includes(itemToSearch[, fromIndex]) returns a boolean whether array contains itemToSearch . The optional argument fromIndex , defaulting to 0 , indicates the index to start searching.

Let’s determine if 2 and 99 exist in an array of numbers:

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

numbers.includes(2);  // => true
numbers.includes(99); // => false

numbers.includes(2) returns true because 2 exists in numbers array.

numbers.includes(99) is, however, false because numbers doesn’t contain 99 .

7.2 array.find() method

array.find(callback) method returns the first array item that satisfies the callback predicate function.

On each iteration callback(item[, index[, array]]) predicate function is invoked with the arguments: iterated item, index and the array itself.

For example, let’s find the first odd number:

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const oddNumber = numbers.find(function isOdd(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
});

oddNumber; // => 2

numbers.find(isOdd) returns the first odd number inside numbers , which is 2 .

Tips:

• array.find() returns undefined if no item has satisfied the predicate.

7.3 array.indexOf() method

array.indexOf(itemToSearch[, fromIndex]) returns the index of the first appearance itemToSearch in array . The optional argument fromIndex , defaulting to 0 , is the index to start searching.

Let’s find the index of 'Joker' :

const names = ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];

const index = names.indexOf('Joker');

index; // => 2

The index of 'Joker' inside names is 2 .

Tips:

• array.indexOf(itemToSearch) returns -1 if the item hasn’t been found
• array.findIndex(predicate) is an alternative to find the index using a predicate function.

8. Query

8.1 array.every() method

array.every(predicate) method returns true if every item passes predicate check.

On each iteration predicate(item[, index[, array]]) predicate function is invoked with the arguments: iterated item, index and the array itself.

Let’s determine whether arrays evens and mix contain only even numbers:

const evens = [0, 2, 4, 6];
const numbers = [0, 1, 4, 6];

function isEven(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
}

evens.every(isEven); // => true
numbers.every(isEven); // => false

odds.every(isEven) is true because all numbers in evens are even.

However, numbers.every(isEven) evaluates to false because numbers contains an odd number 1 .

8.2 array.some() method

array.every(predicate) method returns true if at least one item passes predicate check.

On each iteration predicate(item[, index[, array]]) function is invoked with the arguments: iterated item, index and the array itself.

Let’s determine whether the arrays contain at least one even number:

const numbers = [1, 5, 7, 10];
const odds = [1, 3, 3, 3];

function isEven(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
}

numbers.some(isEven); // => true
odds.some(isEven);   // => false

numbers.some(isEven) is true because at least one even number, 10 , exists in numbers .

But odds.some(isEven) is false because odds contains only odd numbers.

9. Filter

9.1 array.filter()

array.every(predicate) method returns a new array with items that have passed predicate check.

On each iteration predicate(item[, index[, array]]) function is invoked with the arguments: iterated item, index and the array itself.

Let’s filter an array to have only even numbers:

const numbers = [1, 5, 7, 10];

function isEven(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
}

const evens = numbers.filter(isEven);

evens; // => [10]

numbers.filter(isEven) creates a new array evens by filtering numbers to contain only even numbers.

Tips:

• array.filter() creates a new array, without mutating the original one.

10. Insert

10.1 array.push() method

array.push(item1[..., itemN]) method appends one or more items to the end of an array, returning the new length.

Let’s append 'Joker' at the end of names array:

const names = ['Batman'];

names.push('Joker');

names; // ['Batman', 'Joker']

names.push('Joker') inserts a new item 'Joker' at the end of the names array.

Tips:

array.push()
array.push(item1, item2, ..., itemN)

10.2 array.unshift() method

array.unshift(item1[..., itemN]) method appends one or more items to the beginning of an array, returning the new length of the array.

Let’s append 'Catwoman' at the beginning of names array:

const names = ['Batman'];

names.unshift('Catwoman');

names; // ['Catwoman', 'Batman']

names.unshift('Catwoman') inserts a new item 'Catwoman' at the beginning of names array.

Tips:

array.unshift()
array.unshift(item1, item2, ..., itemN)

10.3 Spread operator

You can insert items in an array in an immutable manner by combining the spread operator with the array literal.

Appending an item at the end of an array :

const names = ['Joker', 'Bane'];

const names2 = [
  ...names,
  'Batman',
];

names2; // => ['Joker', 'Bane', 'Batman'];

Appending an item at the beginning of an array :

const names = ['Joker', 'Bane'];

const names2 = [
  'Batman',
  ...names
];

names2; // => ['Batman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];

Inserting an item at any index :

const names = ['Joker', 'Bane'];
const indexToInsert = 1;

const names2 = [
  ...names.slice(0, indexToInsert),
  'Batman',
  ...names.slice(indexToInsert)
];

names2; // => ['Joker', 'Batman', 'Bane'];

11. Remove

11.1 array.pop() method

array.pop() method removes the last item from an array, then returns that item.

For example, let’s remove the last element of colors array:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'black'];

const lastColor = colors.pop();

lastColor; // => 'black'
colors; // => ['blue', 'green']

colors.pop() removes the last element of colors and returns it.

Tips:

• array.pop() mutates the array in place.

11.2 array.shift() method

array.shift() method removes the first item from an array, then returns that item.

For example, let’s remove the first element of colors array:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'black'];

const firstColor = colors.shift();

firstColor; // => 'blue'
colors; // => ['green', 'black']

colors.shift() removes the first element 'blue' of colors and returns it.

Tips:

array.shift()
array.shift()

11.3 array.splice() method

array.splice(fromIndex[, removeCount[, item1[, item2[, ...]]]]) removes items from an array and inserts new items instead.

For example, let’s remove 2 items from index 1 :

const names = ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];

names.splice(1, 2);

names; // => ['Batman', 'Bane']

names.splice(1, 2) removes the elements 'Catwoman' and 'Joker' .

names.splice() can insert new items instead of removed ones. Let’s replace 2 items from index 1 , and insert a new item 'Alfred' instead:

const names = ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];

names.splice(1, 2, 'Alfred');

names; // => ['Batman', 'Alfred' ,'Bane']

Tips:

• array.splice() mutates the array in place.

11.4 Spread operator

You can remove items from an array in an immutable manner by combining the spread operator with the array literal.

Let’s remove a few items:

const names = ['Batman', 'Catwoman', 'Joker', 'Bane'];
const fromIndex = 1;
const removeCount = 2;

const newNames = [
  ...names.slice(0, fromIndex),
  ...names.slice(fromIndex + removeCount)
];

newNames; // => ['Batman', 'Bane']

newNames contains the items of names , but without 2 that were removed.

12. Empty

12.1 array.length property

array.length is a property that holds the array length. More than that, array.length is writable.

If you write a smaller than current length array.length = newLength , the extra elements are removed from the array.

Let’s use array.length = 0 to remove all the items of an array:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'black'];

colors.length = 0;

colors; // []

colors.length = 0 removes all items from colors array.

12.2 array.splice() method

array.splice(fromIndex[, removeCount[, item1[, item2[, ...]]]]) removes items from an array and inserts new items instead.

If removeCount argument is omitted, then array.splice() removes all elements of the array starting fromIndex .

Let’s use this to remove all elements of an array:

const colors = ['blue', 'green', 'black'];

colors.splice(0);

colors; // []

colors.splice(0) removes all elements of colors array.

13. Fill

13.1 array.fill() method

array.fill(value[, fromIndex[, toIndex]]) fills the array with value starting fromIndex until toIndex (excluding toIndex itself). fromIndex optional argument defaults to 0 , toIndex optional argument defaults to array.length .

For example, let’s fill an array with zero values:

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

numbers.fill(0);

numbers; // => [0, 0, 0, 0]

numbers.fill(0) fills the array with zeros.

More than that, you can initialize arrays of specific length and initial value using Array(length).fill(initial) :

const length = 3;
const zeros = Array(length).fill(0);

zeros; // [0, 0, 0]

Array(length).fill(0) creates an array of 3 zeros.

Tips:

• array.fill() mutates the array in place.

13.2 Array.from() function

Array.from() can be useful to initialize an array of certain length with objects:

const length = 4;
const emptyObjects = Array.from(Array(length), function() {
  return {};
});

emptyObjects; // [{}, {}, {}, {}]

emptyObjects is an array initialized with different instances of empty objects.

14. Flatten

14.1 array.flat() method

array.flat([depth]) method creates a new array by recursively flatting the items that are arrays, until certain depth . depth optional argument defaults to 1 .

Let’s flatten an array of arrays:

const arrays = [0, [1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]];

const flatArray = arrays.flat();

flatArray; // [0, 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6]

arrays contains a mix of numbers and arrays of numbers. arrays.flat() flats the array so that it contains only numbers.

Tips:

• array.flat() creates a new array, without mutating the original one.

15. Sort

15.1 array.sort() method

array.sort([compare]) method sorts the items of the array.

The optional argument compare(item1, item2) is a callback that customizes the order of items. If compare(item1, item2) returns:

• -1 then item1 will follow by item2 in the sorted array
• 1 then item2 will follow by item1 in the sorted array
• 0 then the position of items doesn’t change

Let’s sort an array of numbers:

const numbers = [4, 3, 1, 2];

numbers.sort();

numbers; // => [1, 2, 3, 4]

numbers.sort() sort the numbers in ascending order.

Let’s use the compare function and make even numbers followed by odd ones:

const numbers = [4, 3, 1, 2];

function compare(n1, n2) {
  if (n1 % 2 === 0 && n2 % 2 !== 0) {
    return -1;
  }
  if (n1 % 2 !== 0 && n2 % 2 === 0) {
    return -1;
  }
  return 0;
}

numbers.sort(compare);

numbers; // => [4, 2, 3, 1]

numbers.sort(compare) uses the custom compare function that orders even numbers first.

Tips:

• array.sort() mutates the array in place.